Pipeline Ops

CI/CD is the automated gate every change passes through. It should be fast, deterministic, and trustworthy: green means safe to merge or ship; red means a real problem. A flaky or 20-minute pipeline trains people to rerun, bypass, or ignore it — which defeats the entire purpose.

Pipeline ops covers CI (verify on every change) and CD (promote artifacts to environments). Build the gate people trust, not the gate they hate.

Pairs with [[git-flow]] for merge requirements, [[dependency-hygiene]] for lockfiles and audit gates, [[launch-readiness]] for deploy safety nets, [[test-first]] for what tests must run, [[hardening]] for secrets handling, [[perf-budget]] for optional perf gates, and [[browser-checks]] when E2E runs in CI.

When to Use

• Setting up CI/CD for a new repo or service
• Adding a quality gate — lint, types, tests, security scan, contract tests
• Pipeline is slow — queue times, long feedback loop
• Pipeline is flaky — intermittent red builds, retry culture
• People bypass CI or merge with red checks
• Configuring or hardening deploy to staging/production
• Branch protection and required checks need design
• Workflow/pipeline YAML changes — treat as production code

Skip for one-off local scripts with no automation path. Still pin tools if the script runs in CI.

Process

Work in order when building or fixing a pipeline.

1. Define what the gate must prove

Before YAML, list what must be true to merge and to deploy:

Green must mean something — if tests don't cover the change, green is false confidence ([[review-gate]]).

Document skipped gates ("no E2E yet") and the risk accepted.

2. Stage order — fail fast, fail cheap

Run fast checks first so developers get signal in minutes:

1. Format / lint     (~30s)   — catches style and simple errors
2. Typecheck         (~1–2m)
3. Unit tests        (~2–5m)
4. Build             (~2–5m)
5. Integration / E2E (~5–15m)  — parallel where possible
6. Security audit    (~1–3m)   — can parallel with tests

Slow jobs parallelize — don't run E2E sequentially after a 10-minute integration suite if independent.

Don't run expensive jobs on every commit if PR path can use path filters or main-only full suite — but never skip gates on main that PRs skipped without policy.

3. Determinism — same commit, same result

Non-deterministic CI erodes trust:

• Pin tool versions — Node, Python, Go, action versions, linter majors
• Frozen dependency install — npm ci, lockfile committed ([[dependency-hygiene]], [[git-flow]])
• Controlled environment — container image or pinned runner image; document OS packages
• No network luck — mock external services in tests; hermetic builds where possible
• Time and randomness — fixed seeds in tests; avoid time-of-day flakes

# Prefer explicit over floating
node-version: '20.11.0'   # not '20.x' everywhere without lock

Reproduce locally — act, same docker image, or documented make ci matching pipeline.

4. Kill flakiness — fix tests, don't mask pipeline

A test that passes "usually" is broken:

Quarantine policy: flaky test moves to allowed-fail job only with linked issue and fix date — not permanent.

Track flake rate — same test failing without code change → priority fix.

E2E flakes often from: timing, test order pollution, shared DB state, live external deps — fix the test environment ([[test-first]]).

5. Speed — cache, parallelize, trim

Slow pipelines get worked around:

• Dependency cache — lockfile-keyed; verify cache hit rates
• Build artifact cache — compiler caches, incremental builds
• Parallel jobs — matrix only when needed; shard large test suites
• Path filters — docs-only PR skips mobile build if safe and documented
• Split workflows — PR fast path vs nightly full sweep
• Right-sized runners — CPU for compile-heavy; don't under-provision E2E

Measure queue + run time — optimize p95 developer wait, not only job duration.

Target: most PRs get actionable signal in < 10 minutes for core gates; longer suites async or parallel.

6. Block merge on failure — branch protection

Checks that don't block are suggestions:

• Required status checks on main — match actual job names
• No admin bypass without policy — bypass culture kills the gate
• PR required — no direct push to main ([[git-flow]])
• Up to date with main before merge — or merge queue

Red main is an emergency — stop the line, fix or revert, don't accumulate broken commits.

Document which checks are required vs informational in README or contributing guide.

7. Artifacts — build once, promote deploy

Same artifact from CI should reach staging and prod — don't rebuild on deploy server from random SHA:

• Build produces immutable artifact — container image, bundle, jar — tagged with git commit
• Deploy promotes tag — staging → prod; rollback = previous tag
• SBOM / provenance where policy requires ([[dependency-hygiene]], [[hardening]])

Traceability: deployed prod = image app:v1.4.2 = commit abc123 — know what's live ([[incident-response]], [[launch-readiness]]).

8. Deploy automation — repeatable with safety net

CD pairs with [[launch-readiness]]:

• Staging auto-deploy on main merge — fast feedback
• Production — manual approval, release tag, or scheduled train — not accidental every merge
• Health check after deploy — HTTP probe, smoke script; fail deploy if unhealthy
• Rollback — one command to previous artifact; tested in staging
• Gradual rollout — canary/blue-green if platform supports; flags for app logic

Never SSH and git pull on prod as standard path — undocumented state, no artifact trace.

Deploy scripts and workflow YAML reviewed in PR like application code.

9. Secrets and credentials — platform, not repo

([[hardening]])

• Secrets in CI platform vault — GitHub Secrets, Vault, cloud secret manager
• Never in repo, workflow logs, or echo steps
• Scoped — staging creds ≠ prod; minimal permissions per job
• OIDC to cloud where possible — no long-lived cloud keys in CI
• Rotate on leak; audit secret access

Mask secrets in logs; forbid set -x dumping env in debug steps.

10. Security and compliance gates

Run in CI, block on policy ([[dependency-hygiene]], [[hardening]]):

• Dependency audit (npm audit, OSV, etc.) — fail or warn on critical per policy
• SAST/secret scan on PR — block committed secrets
• Container scan if building images
• License check if enterprise policy requires

Document exceptions — suppressed CVE with ticket and expiry, not silent ignore.

11. Pipeline config as code

Workflow files live in git:

• PR review for pipeline changes — especially deploy steps and secret usage
• Test workflow changes — run on a branch before changing required checks on main
• Version pin third-party actions — @v4.2.0 not @main
• CODEOWNERS on .github/workflows/ or ci/ if team policy

Breaking CI on main blocks everyone — treat pipeline edits as high-risk.

12. Scenario playbooks

New project CI

Lint → typecheck → test → build → audit on PR; branch protection; local make ci mirror.

Pipeline suddenly slow

Profile job timings → cache misses? → new sequential step? → runner queue? → shard or trim.

Flaky red builds

Identify flaky test from history → quarantine with issue → fix determinism → un-quarantine.

Add new required check

Add job as non-required first → stable 1 week → flip required in branch protection.

Deploy pipeline

Build image on merge → push to registry → deploy staging auto → prod manual with health check → rollback doc.

Monorepo

Path filters per package; affected-only tests; shared cache keys per lockfile root; don't run entire matrix on docs PR without policy.

Hotfix path ([[git-flow]], [[launch-readiness]])

Branch from prod tag → CI same gates (minimum: test + build) → fast-track review → deploy tagged artifact → merge back to main.

E2E in CI ([[browser-checks]])

Headless browser against staging URL or ephemeral env; artifact screenshots on failure; no flaky external deps.

This repo (engineering-skills)

scripts/validate.sh + generate-catalog.sh on skill changes ([[skill-creator]]) — schema gate for content repo pattern.

Common Rationalizations

• "I'll rerun until green." — Normalizes flake; fix the test or infra.
• "Tests after merge." — Main breaks; everyone blocked; gate on PR.
• "Slow but works." — Slow gets bypassed; optimize or split workflows.
• "Deploy by hand this once." — Manual fails at 2am; automate with rollback.
• "Retries are fine." — Blanket retries hide real failures and slow CI.
• "We'll pin versions later." — Drift breaks CI mysteriously next month.
• "Optional check is enough." — Optional = ignored; required or remove.
• "Secrets in CI vars are fine in the repo backup." — Repo leaks; use platform vault only.

Red Flags

• Required checks that don't block merge
• Blanket auto-retry on all jobs without flake tracking
• Unpinned actions or tool versions floating
• No lockfile or npm install instead of ci in pipeline
• Red main treated as normal for days
• Secrets in workflow YAML or logged env dumps
• Rebuild prod from source at deploy — no immutable artifact
• Deploy with no health check or rollback tested
• 30+ minute PR feedback with no parallelization plan
• Flaky tests permanently in retry loop
• Pipeline change merged without running the new workflow
• Security audit disabled to green the build
• E2E depends on production third-party services

Verification

• Gate goals defined — what merge and deploy must prove
• Fast checks first; slow jobs parallelized; PR feedback target documented
• Deterministic — pinned tools, frozen deps, reproducible locally ([[dependency-hygiene]], [[git-flow]])
• Flaky tests fixed or quarantined with owners — no blanket retry mask
• Branch protection enforces required checks; red main addressed immediately
• Immutable artifacts tagged with commit; promote don't rebuild ([[launch-readiness]])
• Deploy has health check, rollback path, staging before prod
• Secrets in platform vault; scoped; not in logs ([[hardening]])
• Security/audit gates run per policy ([[dependency-hygiene]])
• Pipeline YAML reviewed, versioned, action pins; workflow changes tested
• Optional: perf/contract/E2E gates documented ([[perf-budget]], [[browser-checks]], [[interface-design]])