Disk Pressure Forensics

Use this when a filesystem is full, nearly full, or df reports usage that normal du output does not explain.

First Principles

• df measures allocated blocks on the filesystem.
• du measures visible directory entries from the current permissions view.
• A large df versus du gap usually means deleted-open files, inaccessible paths, mounts, snapshots, or accounting outside the user's view.

Diagnostic Order

1. Confirm the filesystem and mount:
   • df -h
   • findmnt
2. Measure visible usage from a privileged view when available:
   • du -xhd1 <mount>
   • repeat inside the largest directories
3. Check deleted but still open files:
   • lsof +L1
   • restart or stop only the specific process that owns the deleted file if the service impact is acceptable.
4. Check journal growth:
   • journalctl --disk-usage
   • use size-based vacuuming instead of deleting journal files by hand.
5. Look for un-reaped workspaces:
   • old clones, worktrees, virtual environments, package caches, build outputs, test artifacts, and temporary archives.
6. Check permission blind spots:
   • root-owned directories can make unprivileged du under-report.
   • suppressed errors can turn a permission problem into a false "empty" result.

Kubernetes Local-Path Trap

On single-node k3s or similar clusters, local-path PersistentVolumes, container images, writable overlay layers, pod logs, and kubelet eviction accounting can all share the node root filesystem. A pod may report its mounted state path as "full" even when its PVC request looks large enough, because the PVC is just a directory on the same root disk.

When Kubernetes reports DiskPressure=True:

• Check the node condition and kubelet summary first:
  • kubectl describe node <node>
  • kubectl get --raw /api/v1/nodes/<node>/proxy/stats/summary
• Separate imageFs from local-path PVC usage:
  • containerd image/snapshot data is usually under /var/lib/rancher/k3s/agent/containerd
  • local-path PVC data is usually under /var/lib/rancher/k3s/storage
• If GitOps controllers are down because of disk pressure, merge the desired source change first, then use a short controller-gap bridge that applies the same declared manifest. Record it as bridge work, not a new source of truth.
• Stop recurring CronJobs that pull large images before trying deeper cleanup; a failed image pull can consume the last free blocks repeatedly.

Cleanup Rules

• Prefer deleting caches, build outputs, and clearly abandoned temp work.
• Do not delete live worktrees, state directories, credentials, or logs needed for incident reconstruction without an explicit owner decision.
• For recurring pressure, codify cleanup as a timer or job with an allowlist and a dry-run mode.
• In Kubernetes incidents, prefer service-native cleanup before manual host deletion:
  • delete terminal Failed / Succeeded pods when their logs have been captured
  • use crictl rmi --prune for unused images
  • prune only allowlisted rebuildable cache paths such as .cache, .npm, tmp, or language-server caches; do not prune databases, sessions, credentials, queues, or archives unless they have an owner-approved backup

Done

• You can explain the df usage with concrete evidence.
• Any cleanup target is identified by path, age, owner, and reason.
• Recurrence has either a declared guard or a recorded follow-up.