Problem Details - RFC 9457

Choose the error contract

Inspect existing advice, security entry points and API tests first. Keep one error policy per API. Success DTOs or success envelopes can coexist with Problem Details errors: RFC 9457 specifies errors, not success representations.

For an API using Problem Details, enable Spring's built-in MVC exception handling:

spring:
  mvc:
    problemdetails:
      enabled: true

For WebFlux use spring.webflux.problemdetails.enabled and reactive exception handling; the servlet templates below are not WebFlux handlers.

Domain errors

Use the compiled DomainException together with ProblemDetailExceptionHandler. The handler maps all subclasses using their declared status and stable error code:

• OrderNotFoundException: 404.
• InsufficientInventoryException: 422.
• BusinessRuleViolationException: 422.

Each public class has its own file. These are API-facing exceptions with HTTP status metadata; for a framework-free domain, keep domain exceptions independent and map them in the web adapter. Do not expose arbitrary persistence or infrastructure exception messages.

The advice extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler to preserve Spring's handling of framework exceptions. Validation returns 400 with field violations; unexpected failures return a generic 500 while retaining the full exception only in server logs. Keep nullable validation messages safe. Filter-level authentication failures need an AuthenticationEntryPoint; authorization failures need an AccessDeniedHandler. Controller advice does not cover the security filter chain. Method-security (@PreAuthorize) denials are the opposite case: AccessDeniedException is thrown inside the dispatcher, so the advice must map it to 403 or the Exception catch-all returns 500.

Response fields

{
  "type": "https://api.example.com/errors/order_not_found",
  "title": "Not Found",
  "status": 404,
  "detail": "Order not found",
  "instance": "/api/orders/123",
  "errorCode": "ORDER_NOT_FOUND"
}

Use project-owned, stable URIs for custom problem types. An explicit type is optional; when omitted it defaults to about:blank. Its title should then match the HTTP status phrase. The HTTP status and the body status must agree. Use application/problem+json for JSON problems. Use extensions such as errorCode or violations for machine-readable details instead of requiring clients to parse human-readable messages.

Verification

Test actual HTTP responses for domain 404/422, validation 400, unexpected 500, and framework errors such as malformed JSON and unsupported methods. Assert content type, status, stable error codes and absence of stack traces or internal messages. Separately test filter 401/403. The repository verification fixture imports these exact templates for both Boot versions.

Official sources

• RFC 9457
• Spring MVC error responses

Gotchas

• Agent handles a different exception class than the domain throws - test the concrete exceptions.
• Agent forces Problem Details into an existing legacy API - preserve its contract unless asked to migrate.
• Agent requires an explicit type for every error - about:blank is the default.
• Agent treats success envelopes and Problem Details as incompatible - only error policy must be consistent.
• Agent relies on advice for filter exceptions - configure the security handlers separately.
• Agent returns internal exception messages in 500 responses - log privately and return generic detail.