Accessibility Testing Expert (2026 Edition)

English | Bahasa Indonesia

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English

Orchestration & Integration

• global-a11y-i18n-expert: Core WCAG rules, ARIA patterns, and internationalization standards.
• e2e-testing-expert: Integrating automated accessibility assertions into Playwright/Vitest CI suites.
• design-system-architect, senior-frontend: Accessible component primitives (Radix UI, Base UI, ARIA patterns).
• browser-automation-expert: Visual QA audits for focus rings, contrast ratios, and layout flow using Vision LLM agents.
• anti-slop: Enforces strict accessibility rules (preventing stripped focus outlines, div-soup buttons, and color contrast violations).

Description

Production guide for automated, semi-automated, and manual web accessibility (a11y) testing. Covers WCAG 2.2 Level AA/AAA compliance validation using @axe-core/playwright, Pa11y, Google Lighthouse CI, screen reader verification (NVDA, VoiceOver), keyboard navigation audits, focus management, and color contrast compliance.

Trigger Conditions

• Running automated accessibility test suites in CI/CD pipelines.
• Auditing web apps for WCAG 2.1 / 2.2 Level AA compliance and legal accessibility requirements (ADA, EAA).
• Debugging keyboard traps, missing ARIA labels, or broken screen reader navigation.
• Writing test cases for focus trapping in modals and custom dialogs.

Core Testing Workflows

1. Automated A11y Testing with Playwright & Axe-Core

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';

test.describe('Accessibility Automated Audits', () => {
  test('homepage should have zero critical or serious a11y violations', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/');

    const accessibilityScanResults = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
      .withTags(['wcag2a', 'wcag2aa', 'wcag22aa'])
      .disableRules(['color-contrast']) // If tested separately
      .analyze();

    expect(accessibilityScanResults.violations).toEqual([]);
  });

  test('modal dialog should trap focus and pass a11y audit', async ({ page }) => {
    await page.goto('/dashboard');
    await page.click('button#open-modal');

    // Verify modal is open and focused
    const modal = page.locator('[role="dialog"]');
    await expect(modal).toBeVisible();

    const modalAudit = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
      .include('[role="dialog"]')
      .analyze();

    expect(modalAudit.violations).toEqual([]);

    // Verify keyboard escape closes modal
    await page.keyboard.press('Escape');
    await expect(modal).toBeHidden();
  });
});

2. Automated Pa11y CI Configuration (.pa11yci.json)

{
  "defaults": {
    "standard": "WCAG2AA",
    "timeout": 15000,
    "runners": ["axe", "htmlcs"],
    "ignore": [
      "WCAG2AA.Principle1.Guideline1_4.1_4_3.G18.Abs"
    ]
  },
  "urls": [
    "http://localhost:3000/",
    "http://localhost:3000/login",
    "http://localhost:3000/pricing",
    "http://localhost:3000/docs"
  ]
}

3. Keyboard & Screen Reader Verification Checklist

• Tab Navigation: All interactive elements (<button>, <a>, <input>) can receive focus in logical reading order.
• Focus Indicators: Visible, high-contrast focus rings (outline: 2px solid var(--focus-color) with outline-offset).
• No Keyboard Traps: Focus can enter and leave components using only Tab, Shift+Tab, and Esc.
• Landmarks: Proper semantic tags (<header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer>, <aside>).
• ARIA Attributes: aria-expanded, aria-controls, aria-haspopup, and aria-live updated dynamically.

4. Material Design 3 (M3) Accessibility & State Layer Assertions (https://m3.material.io/foundations/accessible-design/overview)

M3 enforces rigorous interaction states via standardized State Layer Opacities and an expanded 48×48dp Target Size:

1. M3 State Layer Opacity Matrix:

• Hover: 8% (0.08) overlay of on-surface or primary.
• Focus: 10% (0.10) overlay with high-contrast ring.
• Pressed: 10% (0.10) overlay.
• Dragged: 16% (0.16) overlay.
• Disabled: Container opacity 38% (0.38), content opacity 38% (0.38).

2. 48×48dp Minimum Touch Target Assertion (Playwright):

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('interactive controls satisfy M3 48x48dp touch target standard', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');

  const buttons = page.locator('button, a[role="button"], input[type="checkbox"]');
  const count = await buttons.count();

  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    const btn = buttons.nth(i);
    const box = await btn.boundingBox();
    if (box && await btn.isVisible()) {
      // M3 requires min 48x48dp bounding box for touch targets
      expect(box.width).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(48);
      expect(box.height).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(48);
    }
  }
});

5. Sovereign Anti-Slop A11y Verification Gate

Zero-tolerance accessibility criteria for all generated interfaces:

• No Stripped Focus Outlines: Zero tolerance for outline: none or focus:outline-none without an explicit, high-contrast replacement ring (focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-2).
• Semantic Elements Only: Ban on non-semantic clickable divs/spans (<div onClick=...>). Every click target must be an authentic <button>, <a>, or provide role="button" + tabIndex={0} + keyboard event handlers (onKeyDown for Enter & Space).
• Touch Target Minimums: All interactive controls must satisfy WCAG 2.2 SC 2.5.8 (minimum 24×24px, recommended 44×44px with adequate padding).
• Text Contrast Non-Negotiable: Minimum 4.5:1 for normal body text, 3:1 for large text (18pt / 14pt bold).
• Meaningful Labels: Zero icon buttons without aria-label or screen-reader-only text (<span className="sr-only">).

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Bahasa Indonesia

Integrasi Orkestrasi

• global-a11y-i18n-expert: Pedoman standar WCAG, pola ARIA, dan aksesibilitas internasional.
• e2e-testing-expert: Integrasi pengujian aksesibilitas otomatis ke pipeline Playwright CI.
• design-system-architect, senior-frontend: Validasi aksesibilitas komponen headless dan desain UI.
• anti-slop: Menegakkan aturan aksesibilitas tanpa kompromi (mencegah penghapusan outline fokus, div-soup tombol, dan pelanggaran kontras warna).

Deskripsi

Panduan produksi untuk pengujian aksesibilitas web (a11y) otomatis dan manual. Memastikan kepatuhan terhadap standar WCAG 2.2 Level AA/AAA menggunakan @axe-core/playwright, Pa11y, Lighthouse CI, pengujian screen reader, navigasi keyboard, dan kontras warna.

Kondisi Pemicu

• Menjalankan audit aksesibilitas otomatis di pipeline CI/CD.
• Memverifikasi kepatuhan hukum aksesibilitas (WCAG 2.2, ADA, EAA).
• Menguji alur keyboard dan pembaca layar (screen reader) pada komponen kompleks seperti modal dan dropdown.

Kepatuhan Aksesibilitas & State Layer Material Design 3 (M3) (https://m3.material.io/foundations/accessible-design/overview)

M3 menetapkan standar interaksi yang konsisten melalui Matriks Opacity State Layer dan Target Sentuh Minimum 48×48dp:

• Matriks State Layer:
  • Hover: Opacity 8% (0.08)
  • Focus: Opacity 10% (0.10)
  • Pressed: Opacity 10% (0.10)
  • Dragged: Opacity 16% (0.16)
  • Disabled: Opacity container dan konten 38% (0.38)
• Target Sentuh 48×48dp: Meskipun aset visual (misal checkbox atau ikon) hanya berukuran 24×24px, area sentuh interaktif wajib diperluas menjadi minimal 48×48dp menggunakan padding atau pseudo-elemen ::after.

Gerbang Verifikasi Aksesibilitas Anti-Slop

Kriteria aksesibilitas tanpa toleransi untuk seluruh antarmuka yang dihasilkan:

• Dilarang Menghapus Outline Fokus: Standar nol toleransi untuk outline: none atau focus:outline-none tanpa pengganti ring berlatar kontras tinggi (focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-2).
• Wajib Elemen Semantik: Larangan keras membuat div/span non-semantik yang dapat diklik (<div onClick=...>). Setiap target klik harus merupakan <button>, <a>, atau menyediakan role="button" + tabIndex={0} + penangan keyboard (onKeyDown untuk tombol Enter & Space).
• Target Sentuh Minimum: Semua kontrol interaktif harus memenuhi standar WCAG 2.2 SC 2.5.8 (minimal 24×24px, direkomendasikan 44×44px dengan padding memadai).
• Kontras Teks Non-Negosiabel: Minimal rasio 4.5:1 untuk teks biasa, dan 3:1 untuk teks berukuran besar (18pt / 14pt bold).
• Label Bermakna: Dilarang membuat tombol ikon tanpa aria-label atau teks khusus pembaca layar (<span className="sr-only">).