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mxslrmxslr/mlcraft/skills/training-optimization/SKILL.md

training-optimization

Skill8 starsChanged 4 months agoMITView on GitHub

Use when training or fine-tuning a deep model and tuning it for best accuracy. Covers transfer learning, two-phase fine-tuning, discriminative/layer-wise LR, LR schedules + warmup, regularization tuned to over/under-fit (dropout, weight decay, label smoothing, MixUp), mixed precision, gradient checkpointing, EMA, checkpoint/resume, and fitting a GPU/time budget. Triggers on 'fine-tune', 'train the model', 'best hyperparameters', 'overfitting', 'learning rate', 'out of memory', 'training is too slow'.

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3 rules. About 0 are common, 3 are distinctive, and 0 are very specific to this project.

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  1. Distinctive:

    Transfer learning: start from ImageNet/pretrained weights.

    line 11
  2. Distinctive:

    Mixed precision (AMP): always on GPU.

    line 24
  3. Distinctive:

    Preprocess once to disk: if per-epoch CPU work (decode/enhance) starves the GPU - huge speedups.

    line 27

≈ “Common” is an estimate: at least 1 in 5 of the 350,495 skill files we read have a rule of the same kind, not the same words. “Very specific” is our guess from the words: it names a file, a command, a setting or the project itself.

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Files
SKILL.md

Training & Fine-Tuning

Best-practice recipe for transfer-learning a strong model, and how to fix over/under-fitting.

Fine-tuning recipe (default that works)

  1. Transfer learning: start from ImageNet/pretrained weights; train from scratch only with lots of data.
  2. Two phases: (1) freeze backbone, train the new head; (2) unfreeze and fine-tune end-to-end at a lower LR.
  3. Discriminative / layer-wise LR: small LR for early backbone layers, higher for the head. Biggest single fine-tuning win.
  4. Schedule: cosine decay with a short warmup. Log the LR curve.
  5. Optimizer: AdamW (decoupled weight decay). Gradient clipping ~1.0.
  6. Selection: checkpoint the best epoch by the validation metric; early stopping.

Diagnose then regularize (don't guess)

  • Overfitting (train accuracy keeps rising while val loss rises or plateaus): raise weight decay, dropout, label smoothing; add MixUp; stronger-but-domain-appropriate augmentation; reduce epochs/patience; smaller/less-capacity head.
  • Underfitting (train acc low too): reduce regularization, raise LR / capacity / resolution, train longer, check data quality.
  • Match augmentation to the domain - do not use aggressive photometric/geometric ops that destroy the signal (e.g., harsh color/solarize on medical scans, or flips that change semantics).

Compute & memory (fit the budget)

  • Mixed precision (AMP) always on GPU.
  • Gradient checkpointing to fit high resolution / big models in limited VRAM (~3× memory saving, ~30% slower).
  • Small batch + gradient accumulation to keep an effective batch size when VRAM is tight; freeze BatchNorm stats at very small batch (LayerNorm backbones like ConvNeXt are safer there).
  • Preprocess once to disk if per-epoch CPU work (decode/enhance) starves the GPU - huge speedups.
  • Budget = seconds/epoch × epochs × models. Measure on a quick run first; pick resolution/epochs to fit the quota. Prefer one honest fit over a run that dies mid-way.

Robustness

  • Fixed seeds; checkpoint per epoch + resume so an interrupted long run continues, not restarts.
  • EMA of weights and/or averaging often helps generalization - but verify it beats the plain best checkpoint on val before keeping it.

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