roblox-vfx

Main source: https://create.roblox.com/docs/en-us/effects/particle-emitters + the Effects section of the docs and the ParticleEmitter class reference.

Tune particle lifetime, size, transparency, and rate together. Profile overlapping transparent effects on the lowest target device.

For marker-triggered bursts, read roblox-animation. For UI particles, read roblox-user-interfaces; ParticleEmitters do not render inside ViewportFrame.

Core creation and parenting

• Parent ParticleEmitter to a BasePart (emission fills bounds or chosen EmissionDirection face) or (strongly preferred for control) to an Attachment.
• Rotate the parent or the attachment to steer emission. EmissionDirection is ignored when parented to an Attachment; rotate the Attachment itself to aim particles.
• EmissionDirection only matters when parented to a part.

Tune particle appearance

1. Texture (prefer .png with alpha; grayscale + LightEmission=1 to hide dark areas).
2. Color (ColorSequence; even a single Color3 in Studio is stored as a one-keypoint ColorSequence; use it for gradients over lifetime).
3. Size (NumberSequence, often with envelope for natural variation). Warning: Large sizes = high GPU fill-rate cost.
4. Transparency (NumberSequence). Fade particles in or out to avoid popping.
5. Lifetime (or NumberRange for per-particle random).
6. Rate (particles per second; hard caps ~400 desktop / 100 mobile per emitter; keep low and achieve density with other properties).

Then motion (Speed at birth, SpreadAngle, Acceleration for gravity/wind, Drag + WindAffectsDrag when global wind is enabled, VelocityInheritance, LockedToPart, TimeScale).

Emitter shapes

Shape = Box / Sphere / Cylinder / Disc.

• ShapeStyle = Volume (everywhere inside) or Surface (only the skin).
• ShapeInOut = Inward / Outward / InAndOut.
• ShapePartial further modulates the shape. Cylinder: radius on the emission side. Disc: inner-radius proportion (0 = fully closed disc, 1 = emission only on the outer rim). Sphere: hemispherical angle (1 = full sphere, 0.5 = half-dome, 0 = point).

Sphere/Cylinder shapes do not display correctly when the emitter is parented to an Attachment. Only use them with a BasePart parent (the part can be tiny and invisible).

Flipbooks (animated textures over particle life)

Prepare a grid sheet (2x2, 4x4, 8x8, Custom) with transparent spacing between frames (to prevent mip filtering from sampling adjacent frames).

• FlipbookLayout, FlipbookSizeX/Y.
• FlipbookFramerate (or random range, max 30).
• FlipbookMode: Loop, OneShot (explosions; ignores FlipbookFramerate and plays exactly once over the particle Lifetime), PingPong, Random (with crossfade; great for organic variation).
• FlipbookBlendFrames: crossfade between adjacent frames in Loop/OneShot/PingPong for smoother animation.
• FlipbookStartRandom: each particle starts at a random frame (useful when framerate is 0 for static but varied look).

Memory warning: Flipbooks are heavier. Reuse textures, keep resolution reasonable, limit unique animated emitters on low-memory clients (older phones will auto-disable flipbooks).

Lighting and rendering controls

• LightEmission: 0 normal, 1 additive/glow (works even in dark scenes).
• LightInfluence: 0 = ignore world light, 1 = fully affected.
• Brightness: scales the light the emitter contributes when LightInfluence is 0. No effect when LightInfluence is 1.
• Orientation: FacingCamera (classic billboard), FacingCameraWorldUp, VelocityParallel, VelocityPerpendicular.
• ZOffset: render layer offset in studs (layer multiple emitters without moving them in 3D).

Performance across devices

• Fill rate (pixels covered by overlapping transparent layers) and overdraw are the main GPU costs.
• Rate × Size × average opacity × how many overlap on screen = cost.
• Always test at both lowest and highest Studio Editor Quality Level.
• Mobile rate is capped lower.
• Use .Enabled = false to pause (existing particles continue until they die or you call :Clear()).
• Many simultaneous high-rate/large/transparent emitters will cause the engine to throttle or drop effects on low-end clients.
• Measure overdraw in Studio with View → Stats → GPU → Fill Rate and Render → Overdraw. Reduce total opaque pixel area before lowering Rate.

Replication and client-authoritative emission

• ParticleEmitter state replicates, but individual particles do not. A server-owned emitter will spawn the same particles on every client automatically.
• For one-shot bursts, prefer client-authoritative emission: the server signals an event, each affected client spawns the burst locally. This avoids network replication of per-burst timing and respects each client's quality settings.
• Use RemoteEvent:FireClient or a local signal so clients own transient visuals; keep gameplay logic authoritative on the server.

LOD and distance culling

• Stop or reduce expensive emitters when the camera is far away. Common thresholds: disable at 100–300 studs, reduce Rate by half at half-distance.
• Use workspace.CurrentCamera distance checks or zone systems. Avoid per-frame Magnitude checks for many emitters; instead use a tagged culling heartbeat or spatial partition.
• For ambient weather/large crowds, spawn emitters only in the near-camera region rather than globally.

Preloading textures

• Call ContentProvider:PreloadAsync({texture}) for flipbook atlases and prominent effect textures before they are needed (e.g., during loading screens or before a combat sequence). This prevents mid-burst pop-in on lower-end devices.

Patterns

• Continuous ambient (fire, smoke, rain): Rate + Lifetime + Size tuned so density looks right at normal camera distances.
• One-shot bursts (explosion, impact, muzzle flash): Set Rate low or 0, then call emitter:Emit(num) from an animation marker or event.
• Attached effects (foot dust, weapon trail, aura): Parent emitter or its attachment to the moving part/bone. Use LockedToPart or VelocityInheritance as appropriate.
• Wind-reactive: Enable global wind in the environment, set Drag > 0 and WindAffectsDrag = true on the emitter.
• Combined with animation: Marker "FootStep" → find foot Attachment → Emit or play a short one-shot emitter.

See the references/ folder (particle-emitter-properties.md, shapes-flipbooks-and-advanced.md) for the exhaustive property reference, visual examples, optimization checklists, and concrete code for common effects (integration covered in SKILL and cross-skill notes).

Related effects (often used alongside particles)

• Beam: textured ribbon between two Attachments (lasers, energy, ropes). Key properties: Texture, TextureMode/TextureLength/TextureSpeed, Color, Transparency (NumberSequence along the beam), Width0/Width1, CurveSize0/CurveSize1, FaceCamera, LightEmission, LightInfluence, ZOffset.
• Trail: ribbon left behind two Attachments as their parent part moves (sword trails, projectile paths, after-images). Key properties: Color, Transparency, Texture, TextureMode, TextureLength, MinLength, MaxLength, WidthScale, LightEmission, LightInfluence, FaceCamera, Lifetime.
• Highlight: cheap, effective outlines (selection, targeting, "powered up"). Has both an outline and a solid interior fill (FillColor/FillTransparency, OutlineColor/OutlineTransparency). DepthMode controls whether the highlight is visible through walls (AlwaysOnTop) or only when not occluded (Occluded). There is a client-side cap of 255 simultaneous Highlight instances (disabled instances still count toward the cap).
• PointLight / SpotLight / SurfaceLight + Atmosphere + PostProcessing for overall mood that makes particles read correctly.

Cleanup for transient emitters

• Always destroy cloned one-shot emitters after their maximum lifetime (Debris:AddItem or task.delay). Do not leave disabled emitter instances accumulating in the workspace.
• For attached continuous emitters, set Enabled = false and :Clear() before reparenting or destroying to avoid orphaned particles.
• When pooling emitters, reset Rate, Lifetime, Size, and Transparency to known defaults before reuse so stale state does not leak into the next burst.

Scripts

• scripts/EffectBurst.lua: clone-and-destroy helper for one-shot particle bursts. Clones every ParticleEmitter under a template Attachment/BasePart, emits a burst locally, and schedules cleanup after the maximum lifetime. Safe for continuous emitters because the original emitters are never mutated.

Reference index

• particle-emitter-properties.md: Tune particle appearance, motion, emission, or rendering cost.
• shapes-flipbooks-and-advanced.md: Configure emitter shapes, animated textures, bursts, or distance culling.