Network Troubleshooting

Purpose

Isolate a network failure to a specific layer instead of guessing. Nearly every network problem is DNS, TLS, a firewall, or a timeout — and each has a distinct signature that identifies it in seconds.

When to Use

• Connection refused, connection reset, or timeouts.
• TLS handshake and certificate errors.
• DNS resolution failures, including intermittent ones.
• "It works from my machine but not from the cluster."
• Intermittent failures under load.

Capabilities

• Layer-by-layer isolation: DNS, TCP, TLS, HTTP.
• Tooling: dig, nc, openssl s_client, curl -v, ss, tcpdump.
• Cloud-specific diagnosis: security groups, NACLs, route tables, service meshes.
• Connection-pool and ephemeral-port exhaustion.
• MTU and path-MTU problems.

Inputs

• The exact error message and the client that produced it.
• Where it fails from and where it succeeds from.
• Whether it is consistent or intermittent — this distinction matters more than any other.

Outputs

• The failing layer, identified with evidence.
• The fix, and confirmation that the path now works from the failing location.

Workflow

1. Read the error precisely — "Connection refused" means something is listening but rejecting, or nothing is there and the host answered. "Timeout" means nothing answered at all — usually a firewall dropping packets silently. These have completely different causes.
2. Resolve the name — dig +short host. If DNS is wrong or slow, nothing downstream matters. Check the resolver being used, not just your laptop's.
3. Open a socket — nc -vz host port. This separates "the network path is blocked" from "the application is broken", which is the single most valuable distinction available.
4. Complete the handshake — openssl s_client -connect host:443 -servername host. Certificate chain, expiry, and SNI problems all surface here.
5. Make the request — curl -v. Now, and only now, are you debugging the application.
6. For intermittent failures, look at exhaustion — Connection pools, ephemeral ports, conntrack tables, and DNS caches. Intermittent almost always means "a limit is being hit under load".

Best Practices

• Test from the environment that is failing. A path that works from your laptop proves nothing about the path from a pod in a private subnet.
• Timeout means a packet was dropped, which means a firewall, security group, or NACL. Refused means a TCP RST, which means the host is reachable. Do not confuse them.
• Check both directions of a stateless NACL. A security group is stateful and permits the return path automatically; a NACL is not and does not.
• DNS in Kubernetes resolves through the cluster's resolver, with a search-path expansion that can generate five queries per lookup. A DNS problem in a cluster is rarely the same problem as on a laptop.
• An intermittent failure at exactly the same rate every time (say, 1 in 3) means a load balancer with one bad backend.
• tcpdump is the last resort and the final arbiter. When two layers disagree about what is happening, the packets do not lie.

Examples

Layer-by-layer isolation, run from inside the failing pod:

# 1. DNS — does the name resolve, and to what?
dig +short api.internal.example.com
# empty  -> DNS failure. Check the resolver, the search path, the record itself.
# 10.0.4.17 -> continue.

# 2. TCP — is the path open at all?
nc -vz 10.0.4.17 8443
# "succeeded"          -> the path is open; the problem is above TCP.
# "Connection refused" -> reachable host, nothing listening on that port.
# hangs, then times out -> a firewall/security group/NACL is dropping. This is
#                          the most common cloud networking failure.

# 3. TLS — does the handshake complete, and is the chain valid?
openssl s_client -connect 10.0.4.17:8443 -servername api.internal.example.com </dev/null 2>&1 \
  | grep -E "Verify return code|subject=|issuer=|NotAfter"
# "unable to get local issuer certificate" -> missing intermediate, or the client
#                                             lacks the CA bundle.
# "certificate has expired"                -> it is 3am and it is the certificate.

# 4. HTTP — only now is it an application problem.
curl -v --max-time 5 https://api.internal.example.com/healthz

Intermittent failure that is actually exhaustion:

# Symptom: ~4% of outbound calls fail with "cannot assign requested address"
# under load, and never in staging.

ss -s
# TCP:   28901 (estab 210, closed 28180, timewait 28180/0)
#                                        ^^^^^ ephemeral ports exhausted by TIME_WAIT

# Cause: a new HTTP client per request, so no connection reuse. Every request
# opens and closes a socket, and each lingers in TIME_WAIT for 60 seconds.
# Fix: a single client with keep-alive and a connection pool. Not a kernel tunable.

Notes

• "Cannot assign requested address" or "address already in use" under load is ephemeral-port exhaustion, and the cause is almost always a client created per request rather than reused. Tuning tcp_tw_reuse treats the symptom.
• Kubernetes ndots:5 in the default resolv.conf means api.example.com generates several failed lookups before the correct one. On a DNS-heavy workload this is a measurable latency cost; dnsConfig with an explicit ndots: 1 fixes it.
• MTU mismatches produce the strangest symptom in networking: small requests succeed and large ones hang forever. If TLS handshakes work but large POSTs stall, suspect path MTU.