NanoVM Opcode Debugging

I keep opcode tracing disabled by default. Enable it only while diagnosing a specific VM failure; tracing writes one record per retired instruction and can produce substantial output.

Enable tracing

Build the normal VM, then set the environment variable before starting it:

NANO_VM_TRACE=1 ./bin/nano_vm failing.nvm

The VM reads NANO_VM_TRACE once during vm_init. The instruction dispatch path checks only the cached boolean. Any non-empty value other than 0 enables tracing. NANO_VM_TRACE=0 disables it.

To inspect a NanoLang source program through NanoVM:

NANO_VM_TRACE=1 ./bin/nano_virt program.nano --emit-nvm -o /tmp/program.nvm
NANO_VM_TRACE=1 ./bin/nano_vm /tmp/program.nvm

Read the trace

Each record includes the function index, function name, bytecode offset, opcode, stack depth before and after execution, and the top stack values. Heap values include their tag, address, length where applicable, and printable contents. FFI records include the import, C symbol, argument count, return tag, and marshaled result.

Use the first divergent record, not the last error message, as the starting point. For string failures compare the PUSH_STR, FFI return, and equality records. For stack failures compare the stack depth around the first operation whose declared effect differs from the observed effect.

Tracing is diagnostic evidence, not a correctness proof. Reproduce the failure with tracing disabled after the fix and run the relevant NanoVM, NanoVirt, and benchmark quality gates.

Generated C diagnostics

Generated-C timing instrumentation is controlled once at process startup by NANO_PROFILE. When an executable was built with --profile, use NANO_PROFILE=1 to collect timing data or NANO_PROFILE=0 to turn the hooks off without rebuilding. The generated hook checks only its cached boolean on the hot path.

The generated-C toggle is separate from NANO_VM_TRACE. NANO_PROFILE only controls timing and flamegraph data emitted by a --profile build; it does not turn on opcode tracing in NanoVM. Run both variables when a failure crosses the compiler and VM boundary.