Apply Phoenix Controller Conventions

Use this skill when writing new Phoenix controller modules or modifying existing controller code to ensure consistent, idiomatic patterns.

Precondition: Invoke phoenix-liveview-essentials before this skill if the feature uses LiveView; for traditional request/response, use this skill directly.

Quick Reference

RULES — Follow these with no exceptions

1. Keep controllers thin — never put business logic in controllers; delegate to context modules 2. Use plug guards for authentication and resource loading — chain with when action not in [...] opt-out pattern 3. Always validate and authorize every action that touches access-controlled resources 4. Use FallbackController for JSON API error handling — never inline catch-all case clauses in actions 5. Match content pipeline to format — API pipeline (no session, no CSRF) for JSON; browser pipeline for HTML 6. Use conn.assigns for passing data between plugs and actions — never use Process dictionaries 7. Never interpolate user input into redirect paths — use ~p"..." paths for verified routes

FCIS at this boundary

Controllers are edges: cast params, call context, render. No business math or multi-step domain orchestration in the action body.

❌ Bad: fat controller

def create(conn, %{"post" => params}) do
  params = Map.put(params, "slug", slugify(params["title"]))
  {:ok, post} = Repo.insert(Post.changeset(%Post{}, params))
  redirect(conn, to: ~p"/posts/#{post}")
end

✅ Good: thin action

def create(conn, %{"post" => params}) do
  case Blog.create_post(conn.assigns.current_scope, params) do
    {:ok, post} -> redirect(conn, to: ~p"/posts/#{post}")
    {:error, changeset} -> render(conn, :new, form: to_form(changeset))
  end
end

Routing Conventions

✅ RESTful resources with explicit shallow-style split (Phoenix has no shallow: true):

scope "/", MyAppWeb do
  pipe_through :browser

  # Collection under parent
  resources "/users", UserController do
    resources "/posts", PostController, only: [:index, :new, :create]
  end

  # Member routes at top level
  resources "/posts", PostController, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :delete]
end

Checkpoint: Run mix phx.routes to verify routes resolve correctly and there are no unintended deep-nesting paths.

Plug Pipeline Ordering

✅ plug guards with opt-out, auth at controller level:

defmodule MyAppWeb.UserController do
  use MyAppWeb, :controller

  plug :require_authenticated_user when action not in [:index, :show]
  plug :load_user when action in [:edit, :update]

  def index(conn, _params) do
    users = Accounts.list_users()
    render(conn, :index, users: users)
  end

  def edit(conn, _params) do
    render(conn, :edit, user: conn.assigns.user)
  end

  def update(conn, %{"user" => user_params}) do
    case Accounts.update_user(conn.assigns.user, user_params) do
      {:ok, user} -> redirect(conn, to: ~p"/users/#{user}")
      {:error, changeset} -> render(conn, :edit, user: conn.assigns.user, changeset: changeset)
    end
  end

  defp require_authenticated_user(conn, _opts) do
    if conn.assigns[:current_user] do
      conn
    else
      conn
      |> put_flash(:error, "You must be logged in")
      |> redirect(to: ~p"/login")
      |> halt()
    end
  end

  defp load_user(conn, _opts) do
    user = Accounts.get_user!(conn.params["id"])
    assign(conn, :user, user)
  end
end

Checkpoint: Confirm plug ordering with mix phx.routes and verify that exempt actions (e.g., :index, :show) do not trigger auth plugs in integration tests.

Action Patterns

✅ Thin controller delegating to context:

def create(conn, %{"user" => user_params}) do
  case Accounts.register_user(user_params) do
    {:ok, user} ->
      conn
      |> put_flash(:info, "User created")
      |> redirect(to: ~p"/users/#{user}")

    {:error, changeset} ->
      render(conn, :new, changeset: changeset)
  end
end

For JSON API endpoints, use with + FallbackController instead of case:

def create(conn, %{"user" => user_params}) do
  with {:ok, user} <- Accounts.register_user(user_params) do
    conn
    |> put_status(:created)
    |> render(:show, user: user)
  end
end

Strong Parameters / Params Validation

Validation belongs in the context, not the controller. The controller passes params through unchanged (see the update/2 example in Plug Pipeline Ordering), while the context enforces permitted fields:

# Context — enforce permitted fields via changeset
def update_user(user, attrs) do
  user
  |> User.changeset(attrs)  # cast/2 only permits declared fields
  |> Repo.update()
end

Content Negotiation

✅ API pipeline for JSON, browser pipeline for HTML:

# Router
scope "/api", MyAppWeb do
  pipe_through :api
  resources "/users", Api.UserController, only: [:index, :show]
end

# Phoenix API pipeline (router.ex)
pipeline :api do
  plug :accepts, ["json"]
end

# Controller — use render/3, not json/2, so views handle serialisation
def index(conn, _params) do
  users = Accounts.list_users()
  render(conn, :index, users: users)
end

Checkpoint: Confirm the correct pipeline is applied by inspecting mix phx.routes output and checking that API routes lack :fetch_session and :protect_from_forgery plugs.

FallbackController for JSON APIs

✅ action_fallback + centralised FallbackController:

defmodule MyAppWeb.UserController do
  use MyAppWeb, :controller
  action_fallback MyAppWeb.FallbackController

  def show(conn, %{"id" => id}) do
    with {:ok, user} <- Accounts.get_user(id) do
      render(conn, :show, user: user)
    end
  end
end

defmodule MyAppWeb.FallbackController do
  use MyAppWeb, :controller

  def call(conn, {:error, :not_found}) do
    conn
    |> put_status(:not_found)
    |> json(%{error: "Not found"})
  end

  def call(conn, {:error, :unauthorized}) do
    conn
    |> put_status(:forbidden)
    |> json(%{error: "Forbidden"})
  end
end

Checkpoint: Run mix test test/controllers/ after wiring up FallbackController to confirm each expected error tuple ({:error, :not_found}, {:error, :unauthorized}) is matched and returns the correct HTTP status.

Error Handling — Browser

✅ Pattern match on expected errors; redirect with flash:

def show(conn, %{"id" => id}) do
  case Accounts.get_user(id) do
    {:ok, user} ->
      render(conn, :show, user: user)

    {:error, :not_found} ->
      conn
      |> put_flash(:error, "User not found")
      |> redirect(to: ~p"/users")
      |> halt()
  end
end

Avoid get_user!/1 (raises) for user-triggered lookups; reserve bang variants for developer errors where a crash is the correct signal.

Checkpoint: Verify error paths in browser tests by asserting flash messages and redirect targets.

Common Pitfalls

Integration

Companion skills:

• phoenix-json-api — RESTful API controller patterns and versioning
• phoenix-liveview-essentials — LiveView for interactive pages
• phoenix-scopes — authentication and authorization setup
• phoenix-uploads — file upload in controller actions