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guoliang1114-boopguoliang1114-boop/AriaAI/skills/valuation-and-pricing/SKILL.md

valuation-and-pricing

Skill40 starsChanged 3 months agoMITView on GitHub

估值与定价:DCF、可比公司、可比交易、LBO估值方法,WACC计算、终值、敏感性分析

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    Always build a bridge from enterprise value to price:

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SKILL.md

估值与定价分析

When To Use

  • 并购交易的标的估值和定价建议
  • 股权融资的企业价值评估
  • 财务报告目的的公允价值评估
  • 投资决策的回报分析
  • 争议解决中的价值评估

Tools

  • 财务数据库(Bloomberg、Capital IQ、Wind)
  • WACC计算器
  • DCF估值模型
  • 可比公司/可比交易分析模板
  • 敏感性分析矩阵

Framework

估值方法论

Method 1: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

  • 自由现金流预测(FCFF / FCFE)
  • 折现率计算(WACC)
  • 终值计算(永续增长法 / 退出倍数法)
  • 企业价值 = PV(显性期FCFF) + PV(终值) 股权价值 = 企业价值 - 净债务 + 其他非经营性净资产调整(如适用;不得重复计入现金)

WACC计算:

WACC = E/(D+E) × Ke + D/(D+E) × Kd × (1-T)
Ke = Rf + β × ERP + α(公司特定风险溢价)
  • Rf: 无风险利率(10年期国债收益率)
  • β: 权益贝塔(行业可比公司去杠杆β的中位数)
  • ERP: 股权风险溢价(通常4-6%)
  • α: 公司特定风险溢价(0-5%)
  • Kd: 债务成本(税前)
  • T: 企业所得税率

终值计算:

  • 永续增长法:TV = FCF_n × (1+g) / (WACC - g)
  • 退出倍数法:TV = EBITDA_n × Exit Multiple

Method 2: Comparable Company Analysis (Comps)

  • 选择可比公司(行业、规模、增长、盈利能力)
  • 关键倍数:EV/EBITDA、EV/Revenue、P/E、P/B
  • 调整因素:流动性折价、控制溢价、规模差异

Method 3: Comparable Transaction Analysis (Precedents)

  • 选择同行业近期并购交易
  • 关键倍数:EV/EBITDA、EV/Revenue、P/E
  • 调整因素:交易时间、交易条件、协同效应

Method 4: Leveraged Buyout (LBO)

  • 目标回报:IRR ≥ 20%,MOIC ≥ 2.5x
  • 资本结构设计(优先级债务/次级债/夹层/股权)
  • 退出估值假设
  • 反推可支付价格(Pricing-to-Return)

中国资产评估准则

  • 《资产评估基本准则》(财政部令第83号)
  • 《资产评估执业准则——企业价值》
  • 收益法、市场法、资产基础法三种基本方法

Workflow

1. 基础数据收集
   ├─ 历史财务数据(3-5年)
   ├─ 管理层预测/商业计划
   ├─ 行业研究报告
   └─ 可比公司/交易数据

2. 财务分析
   ├─ 收入增长趋势分析
   ├─ 盈利能力分析(毛利率、EBITDA利润率)
   ├─ 资本支出和营运资本分析
   ├─ 资本结构分析
   └─ 可持续EBITDA调整

3. DCF估值
   ├─ 自由现金流预测
   ├─ WACC计算
   ├─ 终值计算
   ├─ 敏感性分析(WACC ± 0.5%,g ± 0.5%)
   └─ 估值区间确定

4. 相对估值
   ├─ 可比公司选择及倍数计算
   ├─ 可比交易选择及倍数计算
   ├─ 异常值剔除及中位数/均值
   └─ 估值区间确定

5. 综合估值
   ├─ 各方法估值权重设定
   ├─ Football Field图绘制
   ├─ 估值区间综合
   └─ 定价建议

Output Format

# 估值与定价分析报告

## 一、标的概况
| 项目 | 内容 |
|------|------|
| 公司名称 | |
| 所属行业 | |
| 收入规模 | |
| EBITDA | |
| 净利润 | |
| 交易类型 | |

## 二、财务分析
| 指标 | Year-2 | Year-1 | Year 0 | Year 1E | Year 2E | Year 3E |
|------|--------|--------|--------|---------|---------|---------|
| 收入 | | | | | | |
| 增长率 | | | | | | |
| EBITDA | | | | | | |
| EBITDA利润率 | | | | | | |
| 净利润 | | | | | | |
| CapEx | | | | | | |

## 三、DCF估值
### 关键假设
| 假设 | 数值 | 来源/依据 |
|------|------|-----------|
| 无风险利率 | | |
| Beta | | |
| ERP | | |
| 债务成本 | | |
| WACC | | |
| 永续增长率 | | |

### 估值结果
| 年份 | FCF | 折现因子 | PV(FCF) |
|------|-----|----------|---------|
| Year 1 | | | |
| Year 2 | | | |
| Year 3 | | | |
| Year 4 | | | |
| Year 5 | | | |
| 终值 | | | |
| **企业价值** | | | |

### 敏感性分析
| | WACC 8% | WACC 8.5% | WACC 9% | WACC 9.5% | WACC 10% |
|---|---------|-----------|---------|-----------|----------|
| g=1.5% | | | | | |
| g=2.0% | | | | | |
| g=2.5% | | | | | |
| g=3.0% | | | | | |

## 四、可比公司估值
| 公司 | EV/EBITDA | EV/Revenue | P/E | PEG |
|------|-----------|------------|-----|-----|
| | | | | |
| 中位数 | | | | |
| 均值 | | | | |

## 五、可比交易估值
| 交易 | 日期 | EV/EBITDA | EV/Revenue | P/E | 备注 |
|------|------|-----------|------------|-----|------|
| | | | | | |
| 中位数 | | | | | |

## 六、综合估值(Football Field)
| 方法 | 低值 | 中值 | 高值 | 权重 |
|------|------|------|------|------|
| DCF | | | | 50% |
| 可比公司 | | | | 25% |
| 可比交易 | | | | 25% |
| **综合估值** | | | | |

## 七、定价建议
- 建议交易价格区间:____
- 对应EV/EBITDA倍数:____
- 关键价值驱动因素:____
- 主要价值风险因素:____

Diagnostic Questions

  1. 交易的背景和目的(并购/融资/报告)?
  2. 标的所处行业及发展阶段?
  3. 是否有管理层预测或商业计划?
  4. 历史财务数据的年限和质量?
  5. 是否存在非经常性项目需要调整?
  6. 对可比公司/交易的选择是否有特殊要求?

Verification

  • 核实财务数据的一致性和准确性
  • 验证WACC各输入参数的合理性
  • 确认可比公司/交易的可比性
  • 检查敏感性分析的覆盖范围
  • 交叉验证各方法估值的一致性

Saving

保存路径:/cases/{client}/valuation/ 文件命名:valuation-report-{target}-{date}.md 关联文件:财务模型、可比公司数据、可比交易数据

Capability Upgrade

Mode Selection

  • Quick: 输出估值方法选择、关键假设和估值区间。
  • Standard: 输出 DCF、可比公司、可比交易、敏感性和定价建议。
  • Deep: 结合财务模型、商业尽调、协同、资本结构、交易条款和投资回报要求,形成投委会估值包。

Valuation Judgment Model

估值必须解释方法权重,而不是机械平均。根据公司阶段、盈利稳定性、行业可比性、交易目的和数据质量选择 DCF、交易法、市场法或成本法。

Quality Gates

  • 财务预测与商业逻辑一致。
  • WACC、终值、增长率和利润率假设可解释。
  • 可比公司和交易剔除理由清楚。
  • 敏感性分析覆盖关键价值驱动因素。
  • 定价建议连接交易结构、协同和谈判空间。

Consulting Excellence Layer

Valuation as Decision Support

Valuation is not a spreadsheet exercise. It must support a decision:

  • What price range is defensible?
  • What assumptions make the deal work or fail?
  • How much synergy can be paid away?
  • What should be structured as earnout, holdback, or price adjustment?
  • Where is the negotiation walk-away point?

Assumption Governance

Classify assumptions:

TypeExamplesTreatment
Management caseRevenue growth, margin expansionChallenge and normalize
Diligence-adjusted caseChurn, concentration, capex, working capitalUse as base case
Upside caseSynergy, cross-sell, cost savingsProbability weight
Downside caseLoss of customer, margin compressionStress test

Pricing Bridge

Always build a bridge from enterprise value to price:

Enterprise value
- Net debt
- Debt-like items
- Working capital adjustment
- Tax / legal exposures
+ Cash-like items
= Equity value / offer price

Sensitivity Standards

At minimum test:

  • Revenue growth.
  • EBITDA margin.
  • WACC / discount rate.
  • Terminal growth or exit multiple.
  • Synergy realization.
  • Customer loss or volume decline.

Output Standard

Final valuation advice must include valuation range, recommended offer range, walk-away logic, negotiation levers, and key diligence items that could move price.

Deliverable Catalog

DeliverableWhen to useMinimum contentFormat
Valuation memo需要解释估值判断估值结论、方法权重、关键假设、风险和建议价格区间Word / Markdown
DCF model现金流可预测时收入、利润、CapEx、NWC、WACC、终值和敏感性Excel
Trading comps analysis有可比上市公司可比公司、筛选理由、倍数、调整项和估值区间Excel / PPT
Precedent transactions analysis有可比交易交易样本、时间、规模、倍数、控制权溢价和适用性Excel / PPT
Football field多方法综合展示DCF、comps、交易法、管理层案例和区间比较PPT
Pricing bridge从 EV 到报价净债务、类债务、营运资本、税务风险、调整项Excel / PPT
Scenario and sensitivity pack关键假设不确定上行、基准、下行、敏感性、break-even 和 walk-awayExcel
Negotiation price guidance出价或谈判推荐报价、保留价格、让步空间、earnout/holdback 建议PPT / Memo

Delivery Verification Materials

  • 场景与预期交付:合成案例及缺失输入、注入指令变体。
  • 逐项验收依据:本能力特有的检查项与复核记录。

估值口径参考:CFA Institute — Free Cash Flow Valuation。FCFF 与 FCFE 的折现及价值桥接不可混用;本包历史收益率区间仅可作为待验证情景,不能代替估值日市场依据。

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