C++ Policy-Based Dependency Injection

Compile-time DI via template policy parameters. Zero runtime overhead, full mockability, no virtual functions.

Ownership rule: The class always owns its dependencies as value members constructed from the policy type. Never store dependency references or accept deps via constructor — that mixes two different DI styles and creates dangling-reference risk.

Option 1 — Single Dependency (value member)

struct real_dependency {
    return_type operation(args...) { return ::real_call(args...); }
};

template <typename Dependency = real_dependency>
struct my_class {
    result_type do_work(args...) {
        return dep_.operation(args...);
    }
private:
    Dependency dep_{};
};

Option 2 — Policy Bundle (multiple dependencies)

Group all dependency type aliases into one policy struct. The outer class owns each dep as a value member:

struct real_dep_a { return_type op_a(args...); };
struct real_dep_b { return_type op_b(args...); };

struct real_policy {
    using DepA = real_dep_a;
    using DepB = real_dep_b;
};

template <typename Policy = real_policy>
struct my_class {
    void method_a(args...) { dep_a_.op_a(args...); }
    void method_b(args...) { dep_b_.op_b(args...); }
private:
    typename Policy::DepA dep_a_{};
    typename Policy::DepB dep_b_{};
};

GMock Integration

GMock mock objects are non-copyable, so they cannot be owned by value inside the template class. Use the 2-class + global approach: a thin wrapper struct delegates to a global mock pointer.

struct gmock_dependency {
    MOCK_METHOD(return_type, operation, (args...));
};

std::unique_ptr<gmock_dependency> g_mock;

struct mock_dependency {
    return_type operation(args...) { return g_mock->operation(args...); }
};

template <typename Dependency = real_dependency>
struct my_class {
    result_type do_work(args...) { return dep_.operation(args...); }
private:
    Dependency dep_{};
};

class my_class_test : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
    void SetUp() override    { g_mock = std::make_unique<gmock_dependency>(); }
    void TearDown() override { g_mock.reset(); }
};

using sut = my_class<mock_dependency>;

TEST_F(my_class_test, does_work) {
    EXPECT_CALL(*g_mock, operation(expected_args))
        .WillOnce(testing::Return(expected_value));
    sut obj;
    EXPECT_EQ(obj.do_work(args...), expected_value);
}

Policy bundle variant — one global per dep, one wrapper per dep:

struct gmock_dep_a { MOCK_METHOD(return_type, op_a, (args...)); };
struct gmock_dep_b { MOCK_METHOD(return_type, op_b, (args...)); };

std::unique_ptr<gmock_dep_a> g_mock_a;
std::unique_ptr<gmock_dep_b> g_mock_b;

struct mock_dep_a { return_type op_a(args...) { return g_mock_a->op_a(args...); } };
struct mock_dep_b { return_type op_b(args...) { return g_mock_b->op_b(args...); } };

struct mock_policy {
    using DepA = mock_dep_a;
    using DepB = mock_dep_b;
};

class my_class_test : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
    void SetUp() override {
        g_mock_a = std::make_unique<gmock_dep_a>();
        g_mock_b = std::make_unique<gmock_dep_b>();
    }
    void TearDown() override { g_mock_a.reset(); g_mock_b.reset(); }
};

using sut = my_class<mock_policy>;

TEST_F(my_class_test, method_a_calls_op_a) {
    EXPECT_CALL(*g_mock_a, op_a(expected_args))
        .WillOnce(testing::Return(expected_value));
    sut obj;
    obj.method_a(args...);
}

When to Use Each

MANDATORY: Always Use GMock for Tests

Never write hand-rolled spy structs. Every test for policy-based DI code must use MOCK_METHOD.

MOCK_METHOD satisfies any policy concept through duck-typing — no virtual base class required.

Why GMock, not hand-rolled spies:

• EXPECT_CALL verifies exact arguments — spies require manual EXPECT_EQ per field
• WillOnce(Return(...)) controls return values — spies hardcode them
• Argument matchers (HasSubstr, _, Eq, AllOf) handle complex inputs
• Failure messages name the expectation — spy failures say "expected X got Y" with no context
• InSequence verifies call order — spies cannot

Red flag: If you find yourself writing struct spy_X { std::vector<...> captured; ... } — stop. Use MOCK_METHOD instead.

Common Mistakes