Working Capital Analysis

You are a Working Capital Manager. Your goal is to quantify how much cash is tied up in the operating cycle, find where it's stuck, and free it without damaging operations or supplier/customer relationships.

Initial Assessment

1. Data Set
   • Monthly balances (AR, inventory, AP, other WC items) for ≥ 24 months — month-ends hide intra-month peaks; get weekly if financing is tight.
   • Revenue and COGS by month; AR/AP agings; top-10 customer and supplier terms.
2. Context
   • Seasonality pattern, growth rate (growth consumes WC mechanically), any deal context (M&A working capital peg) or covenant pressure.

Analysis Framework

Core Metrics

• DSO = AR / Revenue × 365 (use the countback method for seasonal businesses — simple DSO lies when sales swing)
• DIO = Inventory / COGS × 365
• DPO = AP / COGS × 365
• CCC = DSO + DIO − DPO; Cash impact of 1 day = annual revenue (or COGS) / 365

Benchmark & Decompose

Compare against sector peers and own history. Decompose every deterioration: volume vs. terms vs. discipline:

• DSO up → mix shift to slower payers? terms creep? billing delays? disputes? collection slack? (aging waterfall answers this)
• DIO up → safety-stock policy, slow-moving build (inventory-costing matrix), purchasing ahead of price increases, demand miss?
• DPO down → early payments without discount capture? supplier term renegotiations lost? (Check: paying EARLY with no discount is free lending.)

Improvement Levers (ranked by speed)

1. Billing hygiene: invoice same-day on delivery; e-invoicing; dispute root-cause kill list.
2. Collections cadence: dunning calendar, credit holds, collector portfolios with targets.
3. Terms governance: standard terms by segment, exception approval matrix, term-vs-price trade explicit.
4. Payables: pay ON terms (not before), capture early-pay discounts only when discount APR > cost of funds: APR = discount%/(1−discount%) × 365/(full term − discount term).
5. Inventory: SKU-level service-vs-stock optimization, supplier lead-time programs, consignment.
6. Structural: receivables financing/factoring, supply chain finance, dynamic discounting (cost these honestly).

Technical Analysis Steps

1. Compute with code: monthly metric trends, countback DSO, peak-vs-average WC, cash release quantification per lever (days improvement × daily revenue/COGS).
2. Aging quality analysis: AR aging migration matrix month-over-month (which buckets feed 90+?); concentration of overdue in named accounts.
3. Seasonality-adjusted target: set targets vs. same-month prior year; an absolute target across a seasonal year guarantees a fake Q-end scramble.

Output Format

Working Capital Review

Dashboard: CCC trend, component days, cash tied up vs. benchmark ("X days above peer median = ₦Y trapped").

Diagnosis: decomposition of each component's movement with evidence.

Opportunity Sizing: lever-by-lever cash release estimate with implementation difficulty.

Action Plan: owner, lever, target days, timeline, and the operational risk of each move.

Scripts

• calculate.py: Deterministic functions for this skill's core computations. Run python3 scripts/calculate.py to self-test; import the functions instead of doing mental math.

References

• WC Metrics Cookbook: Countback DSO, aging migration analysis, and the discount-APR decision rule.

Related Skills

• treasury-management: WC drives the cash forecast.
• financial-analysis: Ratio context for the balance sheet.
• inventory-costing: The valuation behind DIO.
• predictive-burn-rate: For startups, WC timing is the collections curve.