Barrios Skills — John Barrios's curated workflow for economists and accountants. Prioritize reproducible empirical work, clear identification language, and journal-ready output.

Web Scraping — Economist's Toolkit

Guiding principle: escalate only as needed

Start simple, escalate when blocked. The tiers:

curl / curl_chrome142   →  fastest, works for most static pages and APIs
curl_yale               →  add Yale IP for paywalled journals + PDFs
url-scrape / url-content→  add JS rendering (browserless) for SPAs and dynamic tables
Playwright via WS       →  full browser for login flows, pagination, complex interactions

Never jump to Playwright when curl_chrome142 will do. The escalation cost is real: each tier is slower and more complex.

Quick decision table

Tool reference

curl_chrome142 — bot-resistant scraping (no paywall)

Uses curl-impersonate: real Chrome 142 TLS fingerprint, defeats most Cloudflare/Akamai blocks.

# Scrape page text
curl_chrome142 -sf https://example.com | htmlq 'article' --text

# Extract all links
curl_chrome142 -sf https://example.com | htmlq 'a' --attribute href

# Hit a JSON API
curl -sf 'https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/' | jq '.Results.series[0].data'

# Download a file
curl_chrome142 -sfL -o paper.pdf https://example.com/paper.pdf

curl_yale — paywalled journal access

Routes through a SOCKS5 proxy on the Yale network. Requires the proxy to be running — see setup-yale.md if curl_yale is unavailable or times out.

# Download a JSTOR article as HTML
curl_yale -sfL 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1234567' -o article.html

# Download a PDF via DOI (follows redirects to publisher PDF)
curl_yale -sfL 'https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150154' -o paper.pdf

# Scrape article metadata from ScienceDirect
curl_yale -sf 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X19301234' | htmlq 'meta[name="citation_title"]' --attribute content

# Verify your Yale IP is active
curl_yale -sf https://httpbin.org/ip | jq .

url-scrape — extract specific elements from JS-rendered pages

Returns JSON with text + HTML for each matched CSS selector. Use when the page requires JavaScript to render (inspect page source: if the data isn't there, it's JS-rendered).

# Scrape a dynamic table
url-scrape -s 'table' https://example.com/data | jq '.data[0].results[].html'

# Multiple selectors
url-scrape -s 'h1' -s '.abstract' -s 'table.results' https://journal.com/article

# Wait for content to load, skip images for speed
url-scrape -s '.data-table' -w '.data-table' -r image,stylesheet,font https://spa-app.com

# Save output
url-scrape -s 'table' https://example.com ./tmp/scraped.json

# Extract just the text from results
url-scrape -s 'p.abstract' https://example.com | jq '.data[0].results[].text'

url-content — get full rendered HTML

Use when you need the whole page after JS runs, then pipe to htmlq/pup.

# Get full rendered HTML, extract article
url-content https://example.com | htmlq 'article' --text

# Wait for SPA content
url-content -w '.main-content' -r image,stylesheet,font https://spa-site.com | htmlq 'table'

# Save page for inspection
url-content https://example.com > ./tmp/page.html

Playwright via WebSocket — full browser control

For multi-step scraping only: login flows, pagination clicking, form interaction. See playwright-patterns.md for complete examples.

# Quick template — Python (preferred for data work)
uv run --with playwright python3 -c "
import json, urllib.parse
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright

token = '$BROWSERLESS_TOKEN'
host = '$BROWSERLESS_HOST'
launch = urllib.parse.quote(json.dumps({'stealth': True, 'args': ['--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled']}))
ws = f'wss://{host}/chromium/playwright?token={token}&launch={launch}'

with sync_playwright() as p:
    browser = p.chromium.connect(ws)
    page = browser.new_page()
    page.goto('https://example.com')
    # your logic here
    print(page.content())
    browser.close()
"

Economist patterns

Download a batch of PDFs by DOI

# dois.txt — one DOI per line
while IFS= read -r doi; do
    filename=$(echo "$doi" | tr '/' '_').pdf
    echo "Downloading: $doi → $filename"
    curl_yale -sfL "https://doi.org/${doi}" -o "${OUTPUT_DIR}/${filename}" || echo "FAILED: $doi"
    sleep 1  # be polite
done < dois.txt

Scrape an HTML table to CSV (Python)

python3 -c "
import subprocess, sys
html = subprocess.check_output(['curl_chrome142', '-sf', sys.argv[1]]).decode()
import re
from html.parser import HTMLParser
# Simple: pipe through pandas
" URL

# OR: use pandas directly
python3 -c "
import pandas as pd
tables = pd.read_html('URL')
tables[0].to_csv('data.csv', index=False)
print(f'Found {len(tables)} tables, saved first as data.csv')
"

# For JS-rendered tables:
url-scrape -s 'table' https://example.com | python3 -c "
import json, sys
data = json.load(sys.stdin)
html = data['data'][0]['results'][0]['html']
import pandas as pd, io
df = pd.read_html(io.StringIO(html))[0]
df.to_csv('table.csv', index=False)
print(df.head())
"

Scrape paginated data (static pagination)

# Loop over page numbers
for page in $(seq 1 20); do
    curl_chrome142 -sf "https://example.com/data?page=${page}" | htmlq '.result-item' --text >> results.txt
    sleep 0.5
done

NBER working papers bulk download

# Get paper list for a topic, then download PDFs
curl_chrome142 -sf 'https://www.nber.org/search?q=labor+supply&searchType=Public' | \
  htmlq 'a[href*="/papers/"]' --attribute href | \
  sed 's|/papers/||' | \
  while read paper_id; do
    curl_chrome142 -sfL "https://www.nber.org/papers/${paper_id}.pdf" -o "nber_${paper_id}.pdf"
    sleep 1
  done

SSRN download by paper ID

curl_chrome142 -sfL "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/DELIVERY_ID?abstractid=PAPER_ID&type=2" -o paper.pdf
# If blocked: try curl_yale instead

Output format guidance

For analysis (Stata, R, Python): Save scraped tables as CSV. Use pandas.read_html() for HTML tables, or parse JSON from url-scrape → CSV.

For inspection first: Save raw HTML/JSON, then extract. Good for debugging when you're unsure what's on the page.

For bulk PDF datasets: Organize as author_year_keyword.pdf or by DOI slug. Always log successes/failures to a text file when batch downloading.

When choosing output format:

• Data that looks like a table → CSV
• Metadata, structured records → JSON or CSV depending on complexity
• Full article text → plain text or Markdown

Troubleshooting

curl_yale hangs / times out → SOCKS5 proxy not running. See setup-yale.md.

Getting 403 / bot detection → Try curl_yale (adds Yale IP + Chrome fingerprint). If still blocked, escalate to url-scrape / url-content.

Content not in HTML (JS-rendered) → Use url-content or url-scrape. Tip: compare curl_chrome142 -sf URL | htmlq 'body' --text vs. what you see in browser — if they differ, it's JS-rendered.

url-scrape returns empty → Add -w 'SELECTOR' -t 5000 to wait longer for dynamic content.

PDF is HTML (access denied page) → curl_yale not routing through Yale IP. Check proxy. Run curl_yale -sf https://httpbin.org/ip | jq . to verify.

Need help with setup → See setup-general.md for curl-impersonate + htmlq/pup/jq install, and setup-yale.md for the Yale proxy + browserless.