Excalidraw Skill

Step 0: Pick an Interface

Three interfaces drive the same live canvas. Pick the first one that applies:

1. MCP tools — if excalidraw/* tools (e.g. batch_create_elements) are in your tool list, prefer them: results land directly in your context, and screenshots come back as images without touching disk.
2. CLI (default when no MCP tools are present):

   npx -y mcp-excalidraw-server <command>

   No setup needed — any canvas-touching command auto-starts the canvas server on http://127.0.0.1:3000 (first npx run downloads the package). If the CLI is installed globally (npm i -g mcp-excalidraw-server), the shorter alias excalidraw-canvas <command> works too.
3. REST API (last resort, e.g. from application code): HTTP endpoints on http://127.0.0.1:3000 — see references/cheatsheet.md for payloads. The server must already be running.

The canvas URL comes from EXPRESS_SERVER_URL (default http://127.0.0.1:3000). Screenshots and image exports render headless inside the canvas server, so you never need a browser tab to check your own work. Only mermaid conversion and viewport control need an open tab (CLI exits with code 4 when it's missing). Still tell the user the URL — opening it lets them watch you draw.

CLI Quick Reference

Results are JSON on stdout — except describe (plain text) and raw-content output when --out is omitted (export scene JSON, screenshot --format svg). Diagnostics on stderr. Exit codes: 0 ok, 1 error, 2 usage, 3 canvas unreachable, 4 browser tab required (only mermaid and screenshot --renderer browser).

Element Format (CLI and MCP)

The CLI and MCP tools accept the same agent-friendly format and normalize it automatically:

• Labels: put "text": "My Label" on any shape — converted to Excalidraw's bound-label format for you.
• Arrow binding: "startElementId": "a" / "endElementId": "b" — arrows auto-route to element edges.
• fontFamily: pass a string name ("helvetica", "cascadia", "excalifont", ...) or string number "1"–"8".
• points: both [[x,y], ...] tuples and [{"x":..,"y":..}] objects are accepted.
• Patch updates: in apply, update entries can use either direct fields ({"id":"a","x":120}) or a set object ({"id":"a","set":{"x":120}}). Do not mix both forms in one update entry.

Raw REST is stricter: labels must be "label": {"text": "..."}, bindings must be "start": {"id": "..."} / "end": {"id": "..."}. Only worry about this when POSTing to the API directly.

Coordinate System

The canvas uses a 2D coordinate grid: (0, 0) is the origin, x increases rightward, y increases downward. Plan your layout before writing any JSON.

General spacing guidelines:

• Vertical spacing between tiers: 80–120px (enough that arrows don't crowd labels)
• Horizontal spacing between siblings: 40–60px minimum; give labeled arrows 120px+
• Shape width: max(160, labelCharCount * 12) to keep the label on one line
• Shape height: 60px single-line, 80px two-line labels
• Background/zone padding: 50px on all sides around contained elements

Styling for a professional look:

• "fillStyle": "solid" on shapes gives crisp flat fills — the default is a sketchy hachure pattern
• Pair pastel backgroundColor fills with their darker strokeColor (palette in the cheatsheet)
• "strokeStyle": "dashed" on zone borders and async arrows reads as "boundary / background"

Layout Anti-Patterns (Critical for Complex Diagrams)

These are the most common mistakes that produce unreadable diagrams. Avoid all of them.

1. Do NOT use label.text (or text) on large background zone rectangles

When you put a label on a background rectangle, Excalidraw creates a bound text element centered in the middle of that shape — right where your service boxes will be placed. The text overlaps everything inside the zone and cannot be repositioned.

Wrong:

{"id": "vpc-zone", "type": "rectangle", "x": 50, "y": 50, "width": 800, "height": 400, "text": "VPC (10.0.0.0/16)"}

Right — use a free-standing text element anchored at the top of the zone:

{"id": "vpc-zone", "type": "rectangle", "x": 50, "y": 50, "width": 800, "height": 400, "backgroundColor": "#e3f2fd"},
{"id": "vpc-label", "type": "text", "x": 70, "y": 60, "width": 300, "height": 30, "text": "VPC (10.0.0.0/16)", "fontSize": 18}

The free-standing text element sits at the top corner of the zone and doesn't interfere with elements placed inside.

2. Avoid cross-zone arrows in complex diagrams

An arrow from an element in one layout zone to an element in a distant zone will draw a long diagonal line crossing through everything in between. In a multi-zone infra diagram this produces an unreadable tangle of spaghetti.

Design rule: Keep arrows within the same zone or tier. To show cross-zone relationships, use annotation text or separate the zones so their edges are adjacent (no elements between them), and route the arrow along the edge.

If you must connect across zones, use an elbowed arrow that travels along the perimeter — never through the middle of another zone.

3. Use arrow labels sparingly

Arrow labels are placed at the midpoint of the arrow. On short arrows, they overlap the shapes at both ends. On crowded diagrams, they collide with nearby elements.

• Only add an arrow label when the relationship name is genuinely essential (e.g., protocol, port number, data direction).
• If you're adding a label to every arrow, reconsider — it usually adds visual noise, not clarity.
• Keep arrow labels to ≤ 12 characters. Prefer omitting them entirely on dense diagrams.

Quality: Why It Matters (and How to Check)

Excalidraw diagrams are visual communication. If text is cut off, elements overlap, or arrows cross through unrelated shapes, the diagram becomes confusing and unprofessional — it defeats the whole purpose of drawing it. So after every batch of elements, verify before adding more.

Quality Checklist

After each add / apply / batch_create_elements, take a screenshot and check:

1. Text truncation — Is all label text fully visible? Truncated text means the shape is too small. Increase width and/or height.
2. Overlap — Do any shapes share the same space? Background zones must fully contain children with padding.
3. Arrow crossing — Do arrows cut through unrelated elements? If yes, route them around using curved or elbowed arrows (see Arrow Routing below).
4. Arrow-label overlap — Arrow labels sit at the midpoint. If they overlap a shape, shorten the label or adjust the arrow path.
5. Spacing — At least 40px gap between elements. Cramped layouts are hard to read.
6. Readability — Font size ≥ 16 for body text, ≥ 20 for titles.
7. Zone label placement — If you used text/label.text on a background zone rectangle, the zone label will be centered in the middle of the zone, overlapping everything inside. Fix: delete the bound text element and add a free-standing text element at the top of the zone instead (see Layout Anti-Patterns above).

If you find any issue: stop, fix it, re-screenshot, then continue. Say "I see [issue], fixing it" rather than glossing over problems. Only proceed once all checks pass.

Workflow: Drawing a New Diagram

Mermaid vs. Direct Creation — Which to Use?

Use mermaid / create_from_mermaid when: the user already has a Mermaid diagram, or the structure maps cleanly to a flowchart/sequence/ER diagram with standard Mermaid syntax. It's fast and handles conversion automatically, though you get less control over exact layout.

Create elements directly when: you need precise layout control, the diagram type doesn't map to Mermaid well (e.g., custom architecture, annotated cloud diagrams), or you want elements positioned in a specific coordinate grid.

Steps (CLI shown; MCP tools are 1:1 — see cheatsheet)

1. Plan your coordinate grid — map out tiers and x-positions before writing JSON. (MCP mode: call read_diagram_guide for colors/sizing; the same guidance lives in references/cheatsheet.md.)
2. Optional fresh start: npx -y mcp-excalidraw-server clear --yes
3. Create shapes and arrows in one call. Custom id fields (e.g. "id": "auth-svc") make later updates easy:

   npx -y mcp-excalidraw-server add - <<'EOF'
   [
     {"id": "lb", "type": "rectangle", "x": 300, "y": 50, "width": 180, "height": 60, "text": "Load Balancer"},
     {"id": "svc-a", "type": "rectangle", "x": 100, "y": 200, "width": 160, "height": 60, "text": "Web Server 1"},
     {"id": "svc-b", "type": "rectangle", "x": 450, "y": 200, "width": 160, "height": 60, "text": "Web Server 2"},
     {"id": "db", "type": "rectangle", "x": 275, "y": 350, "width": 210, "height": 60, "text": "PostgreSQL"},
     {"type": "arrow", "x": 0, "y": 0, "startElementId": "lb", "endElementId": "svc-a"},
     {"type": "arrow", "x": 0, "y": 0, "startElementId": "lb", "endElementId": "svc-b"},
     {"type": "arrow", "x": 0, "y": 0, "startElementId": "svc-a", "endElementId": "db"},
     {"type": "arrow", "x": 0, "y": 0, "startElementId": "svc-b", "endElementId": "db"}
   ]
   EOF

   (The - positional is optional — with no file argument, add reads stdin.)
4. Set shape widths using max(160, labelLength * 12).
5. screenshot → view the file → run the Quality Checklist → fix issues before the next batch.

Arrow Routing — Avoid Overlaps

Straight arrows can cross through elements in complex diagrams. Use curved or elbowed arrows when needed:

Curved arrows (smooth arc over obstacles):

{
  "type": "arrow", "x": 100, "y": 100,
  "points": [[0, 0], [50, -40], [200, 0]],
  "roundness": {"type": 2}
}

The intermediate waypoint [50, -40] lifts the arrow upward. roundness: {type: 2} makes it smooth.

Elbowed arrows (right-angle / L-shaped routing):

{
  "type": "arrow", "x": 100, "y": 100,
  "points": [[0, 0], [0, -50], [200, -50], [200, 0]],
  "elbowed": true
}

When to use which:

• Fan-out (one source → many targets): curved arrows with waypoints spread to avoid overlapping
• Cross-lane (connecting to side panels): elbowed arrows that go up, then across, then down
• Long horizontal connections: curved arrows with a slight vertical offset

Rule: If an arrow would pass through an unrelated shape, add a waypoint to route around it.

Workflow: Iterative Refinement

Pairing describe with screenshot is what makes this skill powerful.

• describe (describe_scene in MCP) → structured text: element IDs, types, positions, labels, connections. Use it to know what's on the canvas before making programmatic updates (find IDs, understand bounding boxes).
• screenshot (get_canvas_screenshot in MCP) → PNG rendered headless from the canonical canvas state with Excalidraw's own renderer (no browser tab needed, a few ms). Use it for visual quality verification — it shows exactly what the diagram looks like, including truncation, overlap, and arrow routing. The CLI prints the saved file path as JSON; read/view that file. --scale 2 for legibility on dense diagrams, --ids a,b or --frame <id> to zoom in on a part, --dark for dark mode.

Feedback loop:

add elements
  → screenshot → view → "text truncated on auth-svc"
  → update auth-svc --set '{"width": 220}' → screenshot → "overlap between auth-svc and rate-limiter"
  → update rate-limiter --set '{"x": 520}' → screenshot → "all checks pass"
  → proceed

Workflow: Refine an Existing Diagram

1. describe to understand current state — note element IDs and positions.
2. Identify elements by id or label text (not by x/y coordinates — they change).
3. update <id> --set '{...}' to resize/recolor/move; delete <id> to remove; or bundle everything in one apply patch. Bound arrows re-route automatically when you move or resize their endpoints — no need to delete and recreate them.
4. screenshot to confirm the change looks right.
5. If updates fail: check the ID exists with get <id>; unlock with arrange unlock --ids <id> if locked.

Workflow: Mermaid Conversion

echo 'graph TD
  A[Client] --> B[API]
  B --> C[(DB)]' | npx -y mcp-excalidraw-server mermaid

Requires an open browser tab (conversion runs in the frontend; exit code 4 tells you to open the canvas URL). Afterwards screenshot to verify layout. If the auto-layout is poor (nodes crowded, edges crossing), find problem elements with describe and reposition them with update.

Workflow: File I/O

• Export scene: export --out diagram.excalidraw (no --out → JSON to stdout)
• Import scene: import diagram.excalidraw (append) or import diagram.excalidraw --replace
• Image: screenshot --out diagram.png / screenshot --format svg --out diagram.svg (headless; SVGs embed their fonts)
• Offline: render diagram.excalidraw --out diagram.png renders a saved file without the canvas server (CI-friendly, same flags as screenshot)
• Share link: share — encrypts the scene and returns a shareable excalidraw.com URL (or a self-hosted instance when EXCALIDRAW_SHARE_UPLOAD_URL / EXCALIDRAW_SHARE_BASE_URL are set)

This is how diagrams live in a repo: commit the .excalidraw file, and re-import + edit + export it when the architecture changes.

Obsidian vaults: use .excalidraw.md

Check the destination before writing: if any ancestor directory contains .obsidian/, it is an Obsidian vault. A raw .excalidraw file there opens in the Excalidraw plugin only in compatibility mode ("Convert to new format" warning), gets no block references or vault-wide search, and default Obsidian Sync skips non-.md files. Give the export a .excalidraw.md extension and the CLI writes the plugin's native format automatically:

npx -y mcp-excalidraw-server export --out "$VAULT/diagrams/system-map.excalidraw.md"   # .md → Obsidian format (or force with --format obsidian)
npx -y mcp-excalidraw-server import "$VAULT/diagrams/system-map.excalidraw.md" --replace  # reads both plain and compressed Drawing blocks

Round-trips are safe: text-element block references follow the plugin's own id rules, so re-importing, editing, and re-exporting the same file keeps links from other notes intact.

Workflow: Snapshots

1. snapshot save <name> before risky changes.
2. Make changes, evaluate with describe / screenshot.
3. snapshot restore <name> to roll back if needed. snapshot list shows what's saved.

Workflow: Duplication

arrange duplicate --ids a,b --offset 40,40 (default offset 20,20). Useful for repeated patterns or copying layouts.

Error Recovery

• Exit code 3 (canvas unreachable)? Auto-start is disabled (EXCALIDRAW_NO_AUTOSTART=1) or a non-loopback EXPRESS_SERVER_URL is set. Run start explicitly or fix the env.
• Exit code 4 (browser required)? Only mermaid and screenshot --renderer browser need an open tab. Open http://127.0.0.1:3000 in a browser and retry, or drop --renderer browser — screenshots and image exports render headless.
• Elements not appearing? Check describe — they may be off-screen. In MCP mode, use set_viewport with scrollToContent: true, or scrollToElementIds plus optional viewportZoomFactor to focus on a specific subgraph; in a browser, press the zoom-to-fit button.
• Arrow not connecting? Verify element IDs with get <id>. Make sure startElementId/endElementId match existing element IDs.
• Canvas in a bad state? snapshot save first, then clear --yes and rebuild. Or snapshot restore to go back.
• Element won't update? It may be locked — arrange unlock --ids <id> first.
• Duplicate text elements / element count doubling? The frontend auto-sync timer periodically writes the full Excalidraw scene back to the server. Excalidraw internally generates a bound text element for every shape with a label; clearing and re-sending elements can re-inject cached bound texts. Clean up: query --type text to find elements with a containerId, delete the unwanted ones, wait a few seconds for auto-sync to settle. The safest prevention: never put labels on background zone rectangles — use free-standing text elements.

References

• references/cheatsheet.md: full CLI reference, the 26 MCP tools, REST API endpoints + payload shapes, and the diagram design guide (colors, sizing).