Dashboard Design

Senior-level reference for admin and data-heavy surfaces. Assumes the reader has shipped a dashboard before; the goal is to surface non-obvious tradeoffs and the rules juniors get wrong.

Constitution (verbatim — applies to every artifact)

1. Max 300 lines per file. If a generated component would exceed, split before writing.
2. No hardcoded design values. Colors, spacing, radii, shadows, durations, easings — all from tokens.
3. Every interactive element has hover, active, focus-visible, and disabled states.
4. All motion respects prefers-reduced-motion.
5. Every image / illustration has alt text or aria-hidden if decorative.
6. Dark mode is never an afterthought — emitted alongside light from the start.
7. Stack-respect: never introduce a new framework or styling system; adapt to what's there.

1. Pick the shell first

The shell is the most expensive decision. Switching mid-project costs days. Decide before the first screen.

Blueprints: references/dashboard-blueprints/app-shell-sidebar.md, app-shell-topbar.md.

The sidebar collapses to icon-only at ≥ 1024 px (user toggle, persisted), and to a sheet behind a hamburger below 1024 px. Never hide it permanently on desktop without a setting.

2. Information architecture

• Top level: 5–9 items. More than 9 means you have a flattening problem; group.
• Group by user job, not by data model. ("Customers" not "Tables".)
• Active item gets a 2 px accent rail (--color-brand-600) on the leading edge plus a tinted background (--color-surface-2). Never color-only.
• Secondary nav lives in a <aside> panel, not a second sidebar. Two sidebars is a smell.
• Breadcrumbs only when depth > 2. Otherwise the page title carries the location.
• A "Search…" input at the top of the sidebar opens the command palette (Cmd/Ctrl+K). Do not build a separate sidebar search.

3. Density by user type

The single biggest junior mistake is shipping one density. Match density to the work.

A density toggle is not optional for analyst surfaces. See references/responsive-grids/density.md. Persist the choice per user.

Operator surfaces: tabular-numerals, monospace for IDs, no hover lifts on rows (thrash on mouse-heavy use), keyboard shortcuts visible inline.

4. KPI tile anatomy

A KPI tile is five things, in this order. Drop any of them and you have decoration, not a KPI.

1. Label — what the metric is. Sentence case. No abbreviations the reader has to translate.
2. Value — the number. Tabular-nums, weight 600+, ≥ var(--text-2xl). Format with locale-aware thousands separators.
3. Delta — +12.4% or −$3.2k. The delta is the load-bearing element, not the value. A KPI without a delta is a number on a wall.
4. Comparison context — vs prior 7 days or vs goal $500k. A delta with no period is a lie. Always show the comparison window.
5. Sparkline or trend hint — 30–90 day mini-line. Optional, but raises perceived quality more than any other element.

Color on the delta: --color-success-600 for favorable direction, --color-danger-600 for unfavorable. Not always green-up: for "errors per minute", down is success.

Never make the whole tile a hover-lift link unless drill-down is real. Static KPI tiles must not animate on hover.

Blueprint: references/dashboard-blueprints/kpi-tile.md. Row pattern: references/dashboard-blueprints/kpi-row.md.

5. Data tables

Tables are 60% of dashboard surface area. Get them right.

Defaults that hold up:

• Sticky header (position: sticky; top: 0), with a 1 px bottom border so it survives over content.
• Sort indicators on every sortable header; click to cycle asc → desc → none.
• Right-align numerics, left-align text, center icons. Currency aligns on the decimal.
• Zebra rows are out by default; bring them back only at > 8 columns where row-tracking fails.
• Row hover: bg shifts to --color-surface-2 (no transform; tables don't lift).
• Selection lives in a leading checkbox column; selecting any row swaps the filter bar for a bulk-action bar in place (no layout shift).

Pagination vs infinite scroll vs virtualization:

• < 200 rows total: render all.
• 200–10,000: pagination at 25/50/100 per page.

• 10,000 or live: virtualize (TanStack Virtual / react-window — verify project deps first).

• Never infinite-scroll a table. It defeats keyboard nav and breaks "scroll to footer".

Blueprint: references/dashboard-blueprints/data-table.md. Deep dives: references/data-tables/.

6. States — empty, loading, error, partial

The single most common junior gap. Each is a different design.

Empty is three different states, not one:

• No data yet (new account) — illustration + onboarding CTA.
• Filtered to nothing — "No results match these filters" + clear-filter button.
• Permission denied — "You don't have access to X" + request-access CTA. Never silent.

Loading:

• Skeleton matches final layout exactly. No width jumps when data arrives.
• Spinners only for operations < 300 ms or where layout is unknowable. Anything over 300 ms gets a skeleton.
• Skeleton is a flat --color-surface-2 block with a slow shimmer; suppress shimmer under prefers-reduced-motion.

Error:

• Inline near the affected region, not a global toast. The user needs to know which widget failed.
• Title + one-sentence cause + retry action. No stack traces in the user surface.

Partial / stale (often missing):

• "Last updated 2 minutes ago" timestamp on every live widget. The user must know how fresh the data is.
• If a fetch fails but cached data exists, show the cache with a stale badge — never blank the widget.

7. Drawers, modals, inline edit

Pick one, not all three, for a given task.

Drawers are not modals: they don't block the page, they let users keep scanning the underlying list. Modal is for "you must answer this now"; drawer is for "look at this without losing your place".

Inline edit rules: visible affordance on hover (pencil icon or border on focus), Esc cancels, Enter saves, error inline below the cell, keyboard focus moves to next cell on save.

8. Bulk actions

When ≥ 1 row is selected, the filter bar is replaced in place by a bulk-action bar (no layout shift):

• Left: count (3 selected) + clear-selection link.
• Center: contextual actions (Archive, Tag, Export, Delete).
• Right: select-all-matching link if filtered ("Select all 1,284 matching" beyond the current page).

Destructive actions (Delete, Archive bulk) always confirm in a modal with the count quoted. No "are you sure" toasts — the modal is the friction.

9. Command palette (Cmd/Ctrl+K)

Required on any dashboard with > 5 top-level routes. It is the second navigation, sized for keyboard users.

Sections, in this order:

1. Recent — last 5 items the user touched.
2. Go to… — routes (Customers, Settings, Billing).
3. Create… — new entity actions (New invoice, New user).
4. Run… — verbs (Export CSV, Refresh data, Sign out).
5. Help — docs, shortcuts, support.

Fuzzy match on label + keywords. Up/down to navigate, Enter to run, Esc to close, Cmd/Ctrl+K toggles. Section headers visible, not collapsed.

Blueprint: references/dashboard-blueprints/command-palette.md.

10. Notifications

Two surfaces, different jobs:

• Toast — transient, < 5 s, one line, no required action. Bottom-right or bottom-center. Stack max 3; older slide off.
• Inbox / notification center — durable, opened from a topbar bell with unread count. Markable as read. Keeps history. Filterable.

Toast is for confirmation ("Saved"); inbox is for events ("New report available", "User X requested access"). Don't mirror everything to both — pick one per event.

Toast colors: success --color-success-500, info --color-info-500, warning --color-warning-500, danger --color-danger-500. Always include an icon — color alone fails for colorblind users (rule 5 in spirit; channels other than color).

Blueprint: references/dashboard-blueprints/notification-center.md.

11. Filters and saved views

Filter bar lives directly above the table or chart it filters. Components, in order:

1. Date range picker (default to "Last 30 days" on first load, persist last choice).
2. Segment selectors (chips with single or multi-select).
3. Search input (debounced 200 ms).
4. Saved views dropdown ("Open issues", "My team", "This quarter").
5. Reset link (only when ≥ 1 filter is non-default).

Active filters appear as removable chips below the bar. The URL must reflect the filter state — every dashboard view should be linkable.

Saved views are per-user by default; "shared" views require explicit permission and a separate icon (people icon).

Blueprint: references/dashboard-blueprints/filter-bar.md.

12. Role-based UI

Same surface, different shapes, by role. Three principles:

• Hide what users can't act on, but show empty-state explanations for predictable absences ("Billing visible to admins only").
• Read-only is a real state, not just disabled buttons. Switch to a "view" density: no hover lifts, no inline edit handles, badge "View only" near the title.
• Never compute role on the client only. Hide for affordance; enforce on the server.

Three common roles to design for: Admin (sees everything), Member (acts on own work), Viewer (read-only). A surface that doesn't differ across these is suspicious; usually you missed an action.

13. Responsive behavior

A dashboard that only works at 1440 is a desk dashboard, not a product. See references/responsive-grids/dashboard-grid.md.

Headlines:

• KPI rows: 4-up at ≥ 1280, 2-up at 768–1279, 1-up < 768.
• Tables collapse to card-stacks below 768 px (references/data-tables/responsive.md).
• Sidebar becomes a sheet below 1024 px.
• Charts shrink height to 200 px on mobile; legends move below the plot or behind a "Legend" toggle.

Use container queries (@container) for KPI tiles so a 4-up grid that becomes 2-up doesn't need bespoke per-tile breakpoints — tiles respond to their parent column width.

14. Anti-patterns

• A 12-column dashboard that ignores its own grid (cards at 11/12, 7/12 with no semantic reason).
• "All metrics in one row" — > 6 KPIs side by side. Group into rows of 3–4.
• Tooltips that carry primary information. Tooltips supplement; everything in a tooltip must be reachable by keyboard or visible elsewhere.
• Pie charts with > 5 slices. Use a bar chart.
• A table that resorts on data refresh, scrolling the user away from their selection.
• Modals for non-blocking work. If the page can keep being useful, it's a drawer.
• Refreshing a chart without preserving the current zoom / time range.