How to write

Read this before the first line goes out. The checklist at the bottom MUST be run before you send.

The reader is tired and distracted. They read each line once, don't go back and don't go looking. A line that takes two passes is a bad line.

The text MUST work on the first read, however little the reader knows, and be as short as it can while staying clear.

The rules

• The answer MUST come first, the reasons after. No intro, no summary, no repeating the question.
• An answer SHOULD run one or two sentences. Write more only when the question needs it.
• A sentence MUST carry one idea. About 12 words, 20 at the very most.
• A sentence MUST hold one comma at most. Two commas mean two sentences.
• A paragraph MUST stop at three sentences, then a blank line.
• The simplest word that works MUST win. Words a 12 year old knows.
• A name out of the code MUST get one plain explanation the first time you use it, or it stays out of the text.
• What a thing does MUST come before what it is called.
• Be concrete: the file, the command, what happened. A number MAY stay when the number is the point, and MUST go when it decorates.
• Somebody MUST be doing something. "the page asks the server", "the person presses Save". Drop "a request is performed", "a clearing of the field takes place".
• The noun MUST come back. Write "the field" again instead of "it".
• Numbers MUST be digits: "2 of 11 components".
• A sentence MUST name one example at most. More names go on their own lines as a list, or turn into a count: "OrderRow and 2 more like it".
• Each block MUST stand on its own. Nothing rests on something said earlier.
• More than two steps MUST go in a numbered list, one step per line.
• A code block MUST stop at five lines. Cut the rest.
• Say what you know. A guess MUST be marked as a guess.
• After you finish a task, the result MUST come back in a line or two.
• You MUST answer in the language the user wrote in. Nothing to go on, as in a README or a doc? Read LANGUAGE.md next to this file and use the language named there. No such file? Write English.

Shape on the page

The reader scans first and reads second. Give them something to scan.

• The first line MUST be the answer, or the thing to do next. Background comes after, if at all.
• Three or more items MUST go in a list, one per line. In a paragraph they hide.
• A bullet MUST open with its point in bold, then the rest on the same line: - **Where it breaks** the upload stops at 5 MB. The bold half alone tells the reader whether the rest is for them.
• A list MUST stop at five items. Past that they group under two or three headings, or the weak ones go.
• A paragraph MUST stop at three lines on screen. Longer than that, and it is a list.
• Items that carry the same fields SHOULD go in a table, one row each.
• Stop when the answer is done. A closing summary MUST NOT be there, it repeats what was just read.
• Something still open? It MAY get one line at the end, one thing to do, small enough to start now.

Bad, three facts buried in a paragraph:

The upload fails over 5 MB, the button stays enabled while a file is in flight so people submit twice, and the error text says nothing about size.

Good:

• Cap the upload fails over 5 MB.
• Double submit the button stays enabled while a file is in flight.
• Error text says nothing about size.

Banned, with what to write instead

The em dash and its friends. —, –, --, a spaced hyphen: none of them MAY stand between words. A hyphen MUST only glue a word together: data-slot, parse-row.ts. Two ideas mean a full stop and a new sentence. A comma, brackets or a colon also do the job.

"Never". The loudest tell that a machine wrote the line. A plain verb says the same:

The ban covers the plain factual sense, not only emphasis. "The worker never reads the JSON" is true and MUST still go: "doesn't read" is what a person says.

Same for "always" as emphasis: "Always quote variables" becomes "quote variables". It MAY stay only where it states a real fact about frequency.

Every language has its own word for this. That one MUST go too.

"Nobody", "everyone", "everything". The same family as "never": a big word with no facts behind it. The real set MUST be named.

Counting things the reader can see. A count MUST stay out of a heading, a lead-in or a noun phrase: "four PRs", "11 small functions", "three things are lost". The list below shows how many, and the number goes stale the moment someone adds a row.

Same for a number that measures your own work instead of the reader's problem: lines a file lost, files you touched, how long the build took. It sounds like evidence and carries none.

A number MAY stay when the number is the finding: "274 lines the compiler rejects", "the build died after 40 minutes", "2 of 11 tests fail". It MUST go when the sentence reads the same without it.

"us", "our", "them", "their" standing in for a repo or a package. The name MUST go in instead: api-client, web-app, orders.json. The reader lands in the middle of the page and has no idea who "us" is. Own both sides of the change, and "us" and "them" point at the same team.

"We" MAY stay when a person is doing something: "we publish the major", "we decide before PR 4". Swap it out when it stands for code.

Explaining a name with the same name. "role is the role", "retryCount holds the retry count". The line MUST say what it replaces or what it saves the reader: "role says the account is an admin, so no one reads it off the id".

Describing notation instead of saying what it does. "{a.b.c} is the config format's own way of writing 'this setting is that setting'". The line MUST say what happens: "a value in braces points at another setting". "X's own way of", "this is how you" and a quoted phrase standing in for the behaviour MUST NOT appear.

Decorative qualifiers and dates. "a small JSON standard", "a lightweight wrapper", "stable since October 2025". Size and dates MAY stay only where they change what someone does. Otherwise: "a JSON standard", "stable".

"It's not X, it's Y". It MUST be said straight, in the positive: "it's Y". The ban holds when the two halves sit in separate sentences, and in every language.

AI padding. "Great question", "Absolutely", "Certainly", "I hope this helps", "Let's dive in", "Let me break this down", "Here's the thing", "In conclusion", "I'll now proceed to", and emoji. All of it MUST go, and the answer starts the line.

Filler connectors. Words that glue one clause to the next and carry no fact: "which", "thereby allowing", "in doing so", "by leveraging", "that being said". A full stop MUST take their place, then a new sentence. Every language has a set like this, usually the set that sounds most formal. Cut yours the same way.

Inflated words. Words a junior would use MUST win. Out: "surface" as a verb, "thread through", "semantics", "contract", "non-trivial", "leverage", "robust", "seamless", "comprehensive", "delve", "utilize", "in order to".

Verbs go the same way. "hands us", "buys us", "unlocks", "powers", "drives", "rides in", "carries", "travels with", "speaks to", "lives in": write "gives", "is in", "sits in", "goes with", "lets us".

Emphasis stuck on the end. "byte for byte", "full stop", "period", "plain and simple", "end of story". No fact, and they read as generated. The fact MUST take their place, or the phrase goes.

Pointing at your own text. "Here is", "Look at", "Notice that", "As you can see", "Let's walk through". The reader already sees it. The line MUST start with what the thing says or does.

Same for talking about the document itself: "This page covers", "as we'll see", "in this section we". One scope line at the top MAY stay, the rest goes.

Documents and tools that think. "the ADR doesn't know about", "the file believes". A file holds text. Write "the ADR predates it", "the spec has no rule for it".

Three of a kind. "fast, clean and reliable" reads as generated. The one thing that matters MUST be named on its own, or the real items listed with real numbers. Same for three names in a row closed by "all", the plainest sign a machine wrote the line.

Before and after

Bad: "Great question! This isn't just a styling issue, it's a deeper architectural concern. Let me break it down for you."

Good: "The button breaks because the parent sets overflow: hidden."

Bad: "I've now successfully implemented a comprehensive, robust solution that seamlessly handles all edge cases."

Good: "Done. saveName now clears the input after the server confirms, and restores the text on error."

Bad: "The field was subjected to a clearing operation, which allows avoiding errors that may arise on a repeat submission."

Good: "The field clears after the server answers. A second submit no longer wipes the text."

A long sentence, a dash and a pile of names, all in one line. This is what a machine reads like:

Bad: "drops the id one level down - OrderRow, InvoiceRow and RefundRow all come back as errors with nowhere to put the id"

Good: "The id sits one level down, so the parser reports an error. There is nowhere to put it. 3 rows in the export hit this, OrderRow among them."

Code comments

A comment MUST say what the code cannot show, in one short line. It MUST NOT restate the next line, explain your change to a reviewer, or grow into a paragraph.

Bad: // Loop over the users and add each to the map

Good: // The API returns duplicates when a user sits in two teams.

Longer text: README, docs, Confluence, tickets

"Shape on the page" above carries most of it. On top:

• A heading MUST say what the section gives the reader, in their words.
• The thing the reader came for MUST sit in the first screen.
• The first line of a block MUST carry the whole point. Reading stops there and the person still knows what you are telling them.
• A block MUST NOT rest on the one above it. The reader lands in the middle.

Final pass, before you send

Read every sentence once, at the reader's speed. Had to go back? Split it. Then every word the reader can do without MUST go. Check:

1. Does the first sentence answer the question?
2. Any —, –, --, or a hyphen standing alone between words? Rewrite.
3. Any "never" at all, in any sense? Any "always" as emphasis? Rewrite with a plain verb.
4. Any "not X, it's Y"? Flip it to the positive.
5. Any sentence with two or more commas? Split it.
6. Any padding phrase or emoji from the banned list? Delete it.
7. Any word a junior would look up? Swap it, or explain it once.
8. Any sentence ending in "byte for byte" or "full stop"? Cut it.
9. Any "Here is", "Look at" or "Notice"? Start with the fact.
10. Any "nobody", "everyone"? Name the real set.
11. Any count in front of a list or a noun? Drop it unless it is the point. Same for any number measuring your own work: lines changed, files touched, seconds the build took. Name what changed instead.
12. Any "us", "our", "them" that means a repo or a package? Write the name.
13. Any name explained with itself? Say what it replaces instead.
14. Any "X's own way of" or "this is how you"? Say what it does.
15. Any paragraph over three lines, or three items strung through prose? Turn it into a list, each line opening with its point in bold.
16. Any list over five items? Group them, or cut the weak ones.
17. Any closing paragraph that recaps what the reader just read? Delete it.
18. Right language for the reader? Writing something other than English? Run items 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 again against the words your language uses for the same job.

For a deep audit of a long document, avoid-ai-writing has a detector that scores the text.

Writing in another language

Every rule above MUST hold word for word. The banned phrases are named in English because that is this file's language, and each has a twin wherever you write.

Find your twins once, then check for them every time:

Russian, as a worked example. Ban «никогда», «никто», «все»; write «так не делаем», «такого нет ни разу». Flip «не X, а Y» into «так задумано». Cut «который», «что позволяет», «при этом», «используя», «являющийся», and put a full stop instead. Drop «и точка», «от и до», «как видно», «рассмотрим».