Headless Windows 11 VM

Manage a headless Windows 11 VM running via dockur/windows in Docker with KVM acceleration. The VM is accessible via SSH only — no RDP or GUI required.

Host prerequisites

• Docker
• KVM support (/dev/kvm must exist — check with ls /dev/kvm)
• sshpass (sudo apt install sshpass)
• imagemagick (optional, for screenshot debugging: sudo apt install imagemagick)

Configuration

• Container name: windows11
• VM directory: $HOME/windows-vm/
  • storage/ — VM disk image (managed by dockur, wiped on recreate)
  • iso/win11x64.iso — cached Windows ISO (7.3GB, persists across recreates)
  • oem/install.bat — post-install script (installs OpenSSH Server)
• Credentials: user / password
• SSH: localhost:2222 (bound to 127.0.0.1 only)
• RDP: localhost:3389 (bound to 127.0.0.1 only, fallback)
• Web console: localhost:8006 (VNC in browser, for debugging)
• Resources: 8GB RAM, 4 CPU cores, 64GB disk

Actions

create — First-time setup or full recreate

1. Ensure directories exist:

   mkdir -p "$HOME/windows-vm/oem" "$HOME/windows-vm/storage" "$HOME/windows-vm/iso"

2. Ensure $HOME/windows-vm/oem/install.bat exists with OpenSSH setup:

   @echo off
   echo Installing OpenSSH Server...
   powershell -Command "Add-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0" 2>nul
   powershell -Command "Get-WindowsCapability -Online -Name OpenSSH.Server* | Add-WindowsCapability -Online" 2>nul
   dism /Online /Add-Capability /CapabilityName:OpenSSH.Server~~~~0.0.1.0 2>nul
   powershell -Command "Start-Service sshd" 2>nul
   powershell -Command "Set-Service -Name sshd -StartupType Automatic"
   powershell -Command "New-ItemProperty -Path 'HKLM:\SOFTWARE\OpenSSH' -Name DefaultShell -Value 'C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe' -PropertyType String -Force"
   powershell -Command "New-NetFirewallRule -Name 'OpenSSH-Server' -DisplayName 'OpenSSH Server' -Enabled True -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -Action Allow -LocalPort 22"
   powershell -Command "Get-Service sshd" 2>nul
   echo Done.

3. If recreating, remove the old container and disk:

   docker stop windows11 && docker rm windows11
   rm -f "$HOME/windows-vm/storage/data.img"

4. Launch the container. There are two cases:

   If cached ISO exists ($HOME/windows-vm/iso/win11x64.iso):

   docker run -d \
     --name windows11 \
     -p 127.0.0.1:3389:3389 \
     -p 127.0.0.1:2222:22 \
     -p 127.0.0.1:8006:8006 \
     -e RAM_SIZE="8G" \
     -e CPU_CORES="4" \
     -e DISK_SIZE="64G" \
     -e USERNAME="user" \
     -e PASSWORD="password" \
     --cap-add NET_ADMIN \
     --device /dev/kvm \
     -v "$HOME/windows-vm/storage:/storage" \
     -v "$HOME/windows-vm/oem:/oem" \
     -v "$HOME/windows-vm/iso/win11x64.iso:/boot.iso" \
     dockurr/windows

   First time (no cached ISO) — omit the /boot.iso mount and add VERSION:

   docker run -d \
     --name windows11 \
     -p 127.0.0.1:3389:3389 \
     -p 127.0.0.1:2222:22 \
     -p 127.0.0.1:8006:8006 \
     -e RAM_SIZE="8G" \
     -e CPU_CORES="4" \
     -e DISK_SIZE="64G" \
     -e VERSION="win11" \
     -e USERNAME="user" \
     -e PASSWORD="password" \
     --cap-add NET_ADMIN \
     --device /dev/kvm \
     -v "$HOME/windows-vm/storage:/storage" \
     -v "$HOME/windows-vm/oem:/oem" \
     dockurr/windows

   After the ISO downloads and Windows boots, immediately copy the ISO out before the container is ever stopped (dockur wipes /storage on recreate):

   cp "$HOME/windows-vm/storage/win11x64.iso" "$HOME/windows-vm/iso/win11x64.iso"

5. Wait for Windows install + OpenSSH setup to complete. This takes 20-30 minutes for a fresh install (the OEM install.bat runs at the end of Windows OOBE and downloads OpenSSH from Microsoft, which is slow). Monitor with:

   docker logs -f windows11

   You can also watch the VM screen via the web console at http://localhost:8006.

   To check if SSH is up:

   sshpass -p 'password' ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o ConnectTimeout=5 -p 2222 user@localhost "whoami"

6. Once SSH is responding, install Node.js and Claude Code by piping a setup script via stdin (avoids PowerShell escaping hell over SSH):

   cat << 'PS' | sshpass -p 'password' ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -p 2222 user@localhost "powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command -"
   # Download and install Node.js silently
   Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://nodejs.org/dist/v22.14.0/node-v22.14.0-x64.msi' -OutFile 'C:\Users\user\node-install.msi'
   Start-Process msiexec.exe -ArgumentList '/i C:\Users\user\node-install.msi /qn /norestart' -Wait -Verb RunAs
   Write-Host "Node.js installed"
   
   # Install Claude Code globally
   & 'C:\Program Files\nodejs\npm.cmd' install -g @anthropic-ai/claude-code
   Write-Host "Claude Code installed"
   
   # Add npm global bin to SYSTEM PATH (user PATH is not read by sshd)
   $systemPath = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('Path', 'Machine')
   $additions = @()
   if ($systemPath -notlike '*AppData*npm*') { $additions += 'C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\npm' }
   if ($systemPath -notlike '*Git\cmd*') { $additions += 'C:\Program Files\Git\cmd' }
   if ($additions.Count -gt 0) {
       [Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable('Path', $systemPath + ';' + ($additions -join ';'), 'Machine')
       Write-Host "Added to system PATH: $($additions -join ', ')"
   }
   
   # Set execution policy machine-wide (required for claude.ps1)
   Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope LocalMachine -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
   
   # Create system-wide PowerShell profile that rebuilds PATH from registry on login.
   # Without this, interactive SSH sessions don't pick up the full system PATH.
   $profileDir = Split-Path $PROFILE.AllUsersAllHosts
   if (-not (Test-Path $profileDir)) { New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $profileDir -Force }
   @'
   $machinePath = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('Path', 'Machine')
   $userPath = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable('Path', 'User')
   $env:Path = "$machinePath;$userPath"
   '@ | Set-Content -Path $PROFILE.AllUsersAllHosts -Force
   Write-Host "PowerShell profile created"
   
   # Restart sshd so it picks up the new PATH
   Restart-Service sshd -Force
   PS

   Note: the connection will drop when sshd restarts — that's expected.
7. Clear the stale host key (new VM = new host key) and verify:

   ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts -R '[localhost]:2222'
   sshpass -p 'password' ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -p 2222 user@localhost "claude --version"

start — Start a stopped VM

docker start windows11

stop — Stop the VM

docker stop windows11

restart — Restart the VM

docker restart windows11

status — Check VM status

docker ps -f name=windows11 --format "table {{.Status}}\t{{.Ports}}"
docker logs windows11 2>&1 | tail -5

ssh — Connect to the VM

ssh -p 2222 user@localhost

screenshot — See what's on the VM screen (for debugging)

docker exec windows11 bash -c "echo 'screendump /tmp/screen.ppm' | nc -w 2 localhost 7100" > /dev/null 2>&1
sleep 1
docker cp windows11:/tmp/screen.ppm /tmp/screen.ppm
convert /tmp/screen.ppm /tmp/screen.png

Important Notes

• ISO caching: The /storage volume is managed by dockur and gets wiped on recreate. Store the ISO separately in $HOME/windows-vm/iso/ and mount it as /boot.iso to skip the 7.3GB download.
• --cap-add NET_ADMIN is required for port forwarding to work. Without it, QEMU falls back to user-mode networking and port forwarding silently fails.
• --device /dev/kvm is required for hardware acceleration.
• Boot time: Fresh install takes 20-30 min (Windows install + OpenSSH download from Microsoft). Subsequent boots from existing data.img are fast (~2 min).
• Ports are bound to 127.0.0.1 only — not exposed to the network.
• Do NOT use -e VERSION="win11" when mounting /boot.iso — the version is auto-detected from the ISO.

Post-install gotchas

• Node.js is not pre-installed — the Claude Code install script (irm https://claude.ai/install.ps1 | iex) will report success but claude won't work without Node. Install Node.js via MSI first.
• npm global bin not in PATH — Node's MSI adds C:\Program Files\nodejs to PATH but not C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\npm (where npm install -g puts binaries). Must add it to the system PATH (not user PATH) because OpenSSH's sshd only reads system PATH. After changing system PATH, restart sshd.
• PowerShell execution policy — Default policy is Restricted, which blocks claude.ps1. Must set to RemoteSigned at LocalMachine scope (not CurrentUser) for it to take effect in SSH sessions.
• Escaping hell — Running PowerShell commands over SSH with nested quotes is unreliable. Pipe scripts via stdin using powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command - instead.
• Interactive SSH sessions don't get full PATH — Windows OpenSSH sshd doesn't properly propagate the system PATH to interactive PowerShell sessions. Fix: create a system-wide PowerShell profile ($PROFILE.AllUsersAllHosts) that rebuilds $env:Path from the registry on every login.
• winget may not work — The Microsoft Store certificate can fail in a VM. Use direct MSI/installer downloads instead.
• Host key changes — Each recreated VM gets new SSH host keys. Run ssh-keygen -R '[localhost]:2222' to clear the old one.