Python Descriptors & MRO

Attribute access walks type(obj).__mro__ via __getattribute__. Data descriptors win over instance __dict__; non-data descriptors lose to it. super() follows the MRO of type(self), not the syntactic parent.

Attribute lookup order

vars(cls)[name] returns the descriptor object itself — bypasses the protocol.

Descriptor protocol

class D:
    def __set_name__(self, owner, name):  # fires once at class creation
        self.private = f'_{name}'
    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        if obj is None: return self        # access via class
        return getattr(obj, self.private)
    def __set__(self, obj, value):         # presence → DATA descriptor
        setattr(obj, self.private, value)

Descriptors must live on the class. Assigning after definition (setattr(cls, 'x', D())) skips __set_name__ — call it manually.

Functions as descriptors

__slots__

Each slot is a data descriptor into a fixed C array. ~35% faster attribute access, ~3× less memory. Incompatible with functools.cached_property. A subclass without __slots__ re-adds __dict__, erasing the saving.

C3 linearization

L[C(B1..Bn)] = C + merge(L[B1], …, L[Bn], [B1, …, Bn])

Merge rule: take the head of the first list whose head does not appear in the tail of any other list; remove from all; repeat. If none qualifies, raise TypeError: MRO conflict.

class A(X, Y): ...   # L[A] forces X before Y
class B(Y, X): ...   # L[B] forces Y before X
class C(A, B): ...   # TypeError — irreconcilable

Pitfalls

• Non-data descriptor shadowed by instance attr: obj.m = 5 silently overrides a method-like descriptor. Define __set__ (raise, or accept) to stop it.
• __set_name__ never fires for post-hoc assignment: setattr(cls, 'x', D()) — call D().__set_name__(cls, 'x') yourself.
• vars() / obj.__dict__ bypasses descriptors: useful for introspection, dangerous for writes.
• super() bare form requires a class cell: fails in nested functions or when copied to a class without __class__ closure.
• "Diamond" inheritance order matters: list the more specific parent first; class G(F, E) fails if E extends F.
• Redundant bases break C3: class B(A, O) when A already inherits from O — raises TypeError.