e2e-testing

---
name: e2e-testing
description: Playwright browser E2E testing patterns — Page Object Model, config snippets, artifact management, and flaky test strategies. Reference only, not executable — for actually running a webapp's E2E suite and generating the standard report, use webapp-testing.
license: MIT
metadata:
  category: testing
  origin: ECC
  source: "affaan-m/ecc (MIT)"
  author: lintang
compatible_with: [claude-code, opencode, antigravity]
---

# E2E Testing Patterns

Comprehensive Playwright patterns for building stable, fast, and maintainable E2E test suites.

**Patterns-only, browser E2E scope.** This skill is a reference for how to
write good Playwright tests (POM, config choices, flaky-test triage) — it
has no runner, no report, no `.gitignore`/CI wiring of its own. When the
actual task is "set up or run E2E for a webapp," use `webapp-testing`
instead — it owns the standard runner and the standard `report.html`
format, and it points back here for the pattern choices below. Don't
hand-roll a Playwright config/runner from these snippets alone, or you'll
end up with a report that doesn't match the project's standard.

Scope is browser-driven E2E only (a real `page` navigating the app).
Assertions against `page.waitForResponse(...)` etc. are fine as part of a
UI flow, but pure API testing with no browser (hitting endpoints directly,
e.g. via Playwright's `request` fixture) is out of scope for this skill —
see `api-testing` for that.

**Data hygiene note.** A browser-driven test always creates data through a
real running app — there's no in-process transaction to roll back. Tag
what a spec creates and tear it down (automatic + a standalone script for
crashed runs) rather than letting it accumulate in the app's database; see
`api-testing`'s `references/db-strategy-and-cleanup.md` for the strategy
and `webapp-testing`'s "Test data hygiene" section for how it's wired into
the actual runner/`globalTeardown`. If a flow depends on an entity another
repo/service owns (e.g. an order this app didn't create), see
`api-testing`'s `references/cross-service-test-data.md` before seeding it —
`webapp-testing`'s step 2 already enforces this "stop and ask" check as a
required step before writing that kind of spec, so it isn't just a note
that's easy to skip.

## Test File Organization

```
tests/
├── e2e/
│   ├── auth/
│   │   ├── login.spec.ts
│   │   ├── logout.spec.ts
│   │   └── register.spec.ts
│   ├── features/
│   │   ├── browse.spec.ts
│   │   ├── search.spec.ts
│   │   └── create.spec.ts
│   └── api/
│       └── endpoints.spec.ts
├── fixtures/
│   ├── auth.ts
│   └── data.ts
└── playwright.config.ts
```

## Page Object Model (POM)

```typescript
import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test'

export class ItemsPage {
  readonly page: Page
  readonly searchInput: Locator
  readonly itemCards: Locator
  readonly createButton: Locator

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page
    this.searchInput = page.locator('[data-testid="search-input"]')
    this.itemCards = page.locator('[data-testid="item-card"]')
    this.createButton = page.locator('[data-testid="create-btn"]')
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/items')
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async search(query: string) {
    await this.searchInput.fill(query)
    await this.page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/search'))
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async getItemCount() {
    return await this.itemCards.count()
  }
}
```

## Test Structure

```typescript
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
import { ItemsPage } from '../../pages/ItemsPage'

test.describe('Item Search', () => {
  let itemsPage: ItemsPage

  test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
    itemsPage = new ItemsPage(page)
    await itemsPage.goto()
  })

  test('should search by keyword', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('test')

    const count = await itemsPage.getItemCount()
    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)

    await expect(itemsPage.itemCards.first()).toContainText(/test/i)
    await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/search-results.png' })
  })

  test('should handle no results', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('xyznonexistent123')

    await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="no-results"]')).toBeVisible()
    expect(await itemsPage.getItemCount()).toBe(0)
  })
})
```

## Playwright Configuration

```typescript
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests/e2e',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [
    ['html', { outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }],
    ['junit', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.xml' }],
    ['json', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.json' }]
  ],
  use: {
    baseURL: process.env.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
    video: 'retain-on-failure',
    actionTimeout: 10000,
    navigationTimeout: 30000,
  },
  projects: [
    { name: 'chromium', use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] } },
    { name: 'firefox', use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] } },
    { name: 'webkit', use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] } },
    { name: 'mobile-chrome', use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] } },
  ],
  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run dev',
    url: 'http://localhost:3000',
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
    timeout: 120000,
  },
})
```

## Flaky Test Patterns

### Quarantine

```typescript
test('flaky: complex search', async ({ page }) => {
  test.fixme(true, 'Flaky - Issue #123')
  // test code...
})

test('conditional skip', async ({ page }) => {
  test.skip(process.env.CI, 'Flaky in CI - Issue #123')
  // test code...
})
```

### Identify Flakiness

```bash
npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --repeat-each=10
npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --retries=3
```

### Common Causes & Fixes

**Race conditions:**
```typescript
// Bad: assumes element is ready
await page.click('[data-testid="button"]')

// Good: auto-wait locator
await page.locator('[data-testid="button"]').click()
```

**Network timing:**
```typescript
// Bad: arbitrary timeout
await page.waitForTimeout(5000)

// Good: wait for specific condition
await page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/data'))
```

**Animation timing:**
```typescript
// Bad: click during animation
await page.click('[data-testid="menu-item"]')

// Good: wait for stability
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').waitFor({ state: 'visible' })
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').click()
```

## Artifact Management

### Screenshots

```typescript
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/after-login.png' })
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/full-page.png', fullPage: true })
await page.locator('[data-testid="chart"]').screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/chart.png' })
```

### Traces

```typescript
await browser.startTracing(page, {
  path: 'artifacts/trace.json',
  screenshots: true,
  snapshots: true,
})
// ... test actions ...
await browser.stopTracing()
```

### Video

```typescript
// In playwright.config.ts
use: {
  video: 'retain-on-failure',
  videosPath: 'artifacts/videos/'
}
```

## CI/CD Integration

```yaml
# .github/workflows/e2e.yml
name: E2E Tests
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npx playwright install --with-deps
      - run: npx playwright test
        env:
          BASE_URL: ${{ vars.STAGING_URL }}
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: always()
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/
          retention-days: 30
```

## Test Report Template

```markdown
# E2E Test Report

**Date:** YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
**Duration:** Xm Ys
**Status:** PASSING / FAILING

## Summary
- Total: X | Passed: Y (Z%) | Failed: A | Flaky: B | Skipped: C

## Failed Tests

### test-name
**File:** `tests/e2e/feature.spec.ts:45`
**Error:** Expected element to be visible
**Screenshot:** artifacts/failed.png
**Recommended Fix:** [description]

## Artifacts
- HTML Report: playwright-report/index.html
- Screenshots: artifacts/*.png
- Videos: artifacts/videos/*.webm
- Traces: artifacts/*.zip
```

## Wallet / Web3 Testing

```typescript
test('wallet connection', async ({ page, context }) => {
  // Mock wallet provider
  await context.addInitScript(() => {
    window.ethereum = {
      isMetaMask: true,
      request: async ({ method }) => {
        if (method === 'eth_requestAccounts')
          return ['0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890']
        if (method === 'eth_chainId') return '0x1'
      }
    }
  })

  await page.goto('/')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="connect-wallet"]').click()
  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="wallet-address"]')).toContainText('0x1234')
})
```

## Financial / Critical Flow Testing

```typescript
test('trade execution', async ({ page }) => {
  // Skip on production — real money
  test.skip(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production', 'Skip on production')

  await page.goto('/markets/test-market')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="position-yes"]').click()
  await page.locator('[data-testid="trade-amount"]').fill('1.0')

  // Verify preview
  const preview = page.locator('[data-testid="trade-preview"]')
  await expect(preview).toContainText('1.0')

  // Confirm and wait for blockchain
  await page.locator('[data-testid="confirm-trade"]').click()
  await page.waitForResponse(
    resp => resp.url().includes('/api/trade') && resp.status() === 200,
    { timeout: 30000 }
  )

  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="trade-success"]')).toBeVisible()
})
```