Resilience

Core Principles

1. Polly v8 resilience pipelines, not v7 policies — Polly v8 replaced Policy with ResiliencePipeline. Never use PolicyBuilder, Policy.Handle<>(), or ISyncPolicy. The new API is composable, type-safe, and integrates natively with IHttpClientFactory.
2. Configure via AddResilienceHandler, not manual wrapping — For HTTP calls, use Microsoft.Extensions.Http.Resilience which adds pipelines directly to HttpClient via DI. No manual ExecuteAsync wrapping.
3. Compose strategies, don't nest them — A single ResiliencePipeline can chain retry + circuit breaker + timeout. Strategies execute outer-to-inner (first added = outermost). No need for nested try/catch or manual orchestration.
4. Always set timeouts — Every external call needs a timeout. Use Polly's AddTimeout() as the innermost strategy so it applies per-attempt, and optionally an outer timeout for total elapsed time.
5. Instrument everything — Polly v8 emits Metering events and supports TelemetryOptions for OpenTelemetry. Use them to monitor retry rates, circuit breaker state, and timeout frequency.

Patterns

HTTP Client Resilience (Recommended Default)

// Program.cs — Standard resilience handler covers 90% of use cases
builder.Services.AddHttpClient<IPaymentGateway, PaymentGatewayClient>(client =>
{
    client.BaseAddress = new Uri("https://api.payments.example.com");
})
.AddStandardResilienceHandler(); // Retry + circuit breaker + timeout out of the box

// That's it. The standard handler configures:
// - Retry: 3 attempts, exponential backoff, jitter
// - Circuit breaker: 10% failure ratio over 30s sampling, 30s break
// - Attempt timeout: 10s per attempt
// - Total request timeout: 30s

Why: AddStandardResilienceHandler() from Microsoft.Extensions.Http.Resilience applies production-ready defaults. Override only when you need different thresholds.

Custom HTTP Resilience Configuration

builder.Services.AddHttpClient<ICatalogService, CatalogServiceClient>(client =>
{
    client.BaseAddress = new Uri("https://api.catalog.example.com");
})
.AddResilienceHandler("catalog", builder =>
{
    // Total timeout — outermost, caps total elapsed time
    builder.AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15));

    // Retry — exponential backoff with jitter
    builder.AddRetry(new HttpRetryStrategyOptions
    {
        MaxRetryAttempts = 3,
        BackoffType = DelayBackoffType.Exponential,
        UseJitter = true,
        Delay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
        ShouldHandle = static args => ValueTask.FromResult(
            args.Outcome.Result?.StatusCode is HttpStatusCode.RequestTimeout
                or HttpStatusCode.TooManyRequests
                or HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable
                || args.Outcome.Exception is HttpRequestException)
    });

    // Circuit breaker — prevent cascading failures
    builder.AddCircuitBreaker(new HttpCircuitBreakerStrategyOptions
    {
        FailureRatio = 0.5,
        SamplingDuration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10),
        MinimumThroughput = 10,
        BreakDuration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)
    });

    // Per-attempt timeout — innermost
    builder.AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
});

Why: Named resilience handlers let you tune per-service. The order matters: total timeout > retry > circuit breaker > attempt timeout.

Non-HTTP Resilience Pipeline

// For database calls, message queues, or any non-HTTP operation
builder.Services.AddResiliencePipeline("database", builder =>
{
    builder
        .AddRetry(new RetryStrategyOptions
        {
            MaxRetryAttempts = 3,
            BackoffType = DelayBackoffType.Exponential,
            Delay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200),
            ShouldHandle = new PredicateBuilder()
                .Handle<TimeoutException>()
                .Handle<InvalidOperationException>(ex =>
                    ex.Message.Contains("deadlock", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
        })
        .AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
});

// Inject and use
public sealed class OrderRepository(
    AppDbContext db,
    [FromKeyedServices("database")] ResiliencePipeline pipeline)
{
    public async Task<Order?> GetByIdAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        return await pipeline.ExecuteAsync(
            async token => await db.Orders.FindAsync([id], token),
            ct);
    }
}

Why: AddResiliencePipeline registers a named pipeline in DI. Inject with [FromKeyedServices] for clean, testable code.

Typed Resilience Pipeline

// When the operation returns a specific type, use ResiliencePipeline<T>
builder.Services.AddResiliencePipeline<string, HttpResponseMessage>("external-api", builder =>
{
    builder
        .AddFallback(new FallbackStrategyOptions<HttpResponseMessage>
        {
            FallbackAction = static args =>
            {
                var response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK)
                {
                    Content = new StringContent("{\"status\":\"degraded\",\"data\":[]}")
                };
                return Outcome.FromResultAsValueTask(response);
            },
            ShouldHandle = static args => ValueTask.FromResult(
                args.Outcome.Exception is not null
                || args.Outcome.Result?.IsSuccessStatusCode == false)
        })
        .AddRetry(new RetryStrategyOptions<HttpResponseMessage>
        {
            MaxRetryAttempts = 2,
            Delay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500)
        })
        .AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
});

Why: Typed pipelines let you add fallback strategies that return a default value when all retries are exhausted — critical for graceful degradation.

Hedging (Parallel Requests)

builder.Services.AddHttpClient<ISearchService, SearchServiceClient>()
    .AddResilienceHandler("search-hedging", builder =>
    {
        builder.AddHedging(new HttpHedgingStrategyOptions
        {
            MaxHedgedAttempts = 2,
            Delay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500) // Send parallel request after 500ms
        });
        builder.AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3));
    });

Why: Hedging sends a parallel request if the first hasn't responded within the delay. Use for latency-sensitive reads where you can tolerate duplicate work.

Telemetry Integration

builder.Services.AddResiliencePipeline("monitored", (builder, context) =>
{
    builder
        .AddRetry(new RetryStrategyOptions { MaxRetryAttempts = 3 })
        .AddCircuitBreaker(new CircuitBreakerStrategyOptions())
        .AddTimeout(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));

    // Polly v8 emits metrics via System.Diagnostics.Metrics automatically
    // Configure enrichment for better dashboards
    builder.TelemetryListener = new TelemetryOptions
    {
        LoggerFactory = context.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>()
    }.TelemetryListener;
});

// In Program.cs — wire up OpenTelemetry to capture Polly metrics
builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .WithMetrics(metrics => metrics.AddMeter("Polly"));

Rate Limiting (.NET Built-in)

.NET provides built-in rate limiting middleware via AddRateLimiter() — no external packages needed. Algorithms: AddFixedWindowLimiter, AddSlidingWindowLimiter, AddTokenBucketLimiter, AddConcurrencyLimiter.

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
{
    options.AddFixedWindowLimiter("fixed", opt =>
    {
        opt.PermitLimit = 100;
        opt.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60);
        opt.QueueLimit = 0;
    });

    // Always return ProblemDetails with Retry-After on 429
    options.OnRejected = async (context, ct) =>
    {
        context.HttpContext.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests;
        if (context.Lease.TryGetMetadata(MetadataName.RetryAfter, out var retryAfter))
            context.HttpContext.Response.Headers.RetryAfter =
                ((int)retryAfter.TotalSeconds).ToString();
        await context.HttpContext.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(
            new ProblemDetails { Title = "Too many requests", Status = 429 }, ct);
    };
});

app.UseRateLimiter();
app.MapGet("/api/orders", ListOrders).RequireRateLimiting("fixed");

Anti-patterns

BAD: Using Polly v7 API

// BAD — v7 policy syntax, do not use
var retryPolicy = Policy
    .Handle<HttpRequestException>()
    .WaitAndRetryAsync(3, attempt => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(Math.Pow(2, attempt)));

var response = await retryPolicy.ExecuteAsync(() => httpClient.GetAsync("/api/data"));

GOOD: Polly v8 Resilience Pipeline

// GOOD — v8 pipeline via DI
builder.Services.AddHttpClient<IDataService, DataServiceClient>()
    .AddStandardResilienceHandler();

BAD: Wrapping Every Call Manually

// BAD — manual resilience per call site
public async Task<Order> GetOrderAsync(Guid id)
{
    try
    {
        return await _pipeline.ExecuteAsync(async ct =>
            await _httpClient.GetFromJsonAsync<Order>($"/orders/{id}", ct));
    }
    catch (TimeoutRejectedException)
    {
        return Order.Empty;
    }
    catch (BrokenCircuitException)
    {
        return Order.Empty;
    }
}

GOOD: Pipeline Handles Everything via HttpClient DI

// GOOD — resilience is configured at the HttpClient level
public async Task<Order?> GetOrderAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var response = await _httpClient.GetAsync($"/orders/{id}", ct);
    if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode) return null;
    return await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<Order>(ct);
}

BAD: Retry on Non-Idempotent Operations

// BAD — retrying a POST that creates a resource risks duplicates
builder.AddRetry(new RetryStrategyOptions
{
    MaxRetryAttempts = 5 // This will create 5 orders on transient failures!
});

GOOD: Retry Only Idempotent Operations or Use Idempotency Keys

// GOOD — use idempotency key header for non-idempotent operations
builder.AddRetry(new HttpRetryStrategyOptions
{
    MaxRetryAttempts = 3,
    ShouldHandle = static args => ValueTask.FromResult(
        args.Outcome.Result?.StatusCode is HttpStatusCode.RequestTimeout
            or HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable)
});

// Pair with idempotency key in the request
httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Idempotency-Key", Guid.NewGuid().ToString());

BAD: Circuit Breaker Without Monitoring

// BAD — circuit breaker with no visibility into state changes
builder.AddCircuitBreaker(new CircuitBreakerStrategyOptions());
// How do you know when it trips? You don't.

GOOD: Circuit Breaker with Telemetry

// GOOD — Polly v8 metrics captured via OpenTelemetry
builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .WithMetrics(metrics => metrics.AddMeter("Polly"));

// Dashboard alerts on: polly.circuit_breaker.state = Open

Decision Guide