MCP Server Development Guide

Overview

Create MCP (Model Context Protocol) servers that enable LLMs to interact with external services through well-designed tools. The quality of an MCP server is measured by how well it enables LLMs to accomplish real-world tasks.

1. Red Flags (Anti-Rationalization)

STOP and READ THIS if you are thinking:

• "I'll skip the evaluation phase because I tested it manually" -> WRONG. Manual testing is not reproducible. You MUST create evaluations.
• "I'll just list all API endpoints as tools without designing workflows" -> WRONG. You MUST balance API coverage with usability.
• "I'll use generic tool names like 'get_data'" -> WRONG. Tool names MUST be specific and descriptive (e.g., github_list_repos).
• "I'll write the server in a language other than TypeScript or Python" -> WRONG. You MUST use the approved stacks for best compatibility.

2. Execution Policy

2.1 Execution Mode

• Mode: hybrid
• Why this mode: The skill requires both prompting for MCP design and logic generation, as well as iterative execution for testing the built servers.

2.2 Script Contract

• Command(s):
  • Depending on the target stack, testing relies on standard runtime commands:
    • Node: npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector
    • Python: python -m mcp run
• Inputs: Source code files for the MCP server.
• Outputs: Running stdio process or compiled build artifacts.
• Failure semantics: Compilation or runtime crashes emit standard error traces.
• Idempotency: Ensure builds and tests are re-runnable without side effects.

2.3 Safety Boundaries

• Allowed scope: Only the localized MCP project directory.
• Default exclusions: Modifying global system configurations or installing aggressive global dependencies without prompt.
• Destructive actions: Deleting source files or aggressively overwriting non-generated boilerplate must be explicit.

2.4 Validation Evidence

• Local verification: LLM must run the build verification and successfully launch the MCP Inspector.
• Expected evidence: Screenshots or terminal logs demonstrating the tools successfully enumerating and returning structured text.

Process

3. 🚀 High-Level Workflow

Creating a high-quality MCP server involves four main phases:

Phase 1: Deep Research and Planning

1.1 Understand Modern MCP Design

API Coverage vs. Workflow Tools: Balance comprehensive API endpoint coverage with specialized workflow tools. Workflow tools ARE more convenient for specific tasks, while comprehensive coverage gives agents flexibility to compose operations. Performance varies by client—some clients benefit from code execution that combines basic tools, while others work better with higher-level workflows. When uncertain, prioritize comprehensive API coverage.

Tool Naming and Discoverability: Clear, descriptive tool names help agents find the right tools quickly. Use consistent prefixes (e.g., github_create_issue, github_list_repos) and action-oriented naming.

Context Management: Agents benefit from concise tool descriptions and the ability to filter/paginate results. Design tools that return focused, relevant data. Some clients support code execution which HELPS agents filter and process data efficiently.

Actionable Error Messages: Error messages MUST guide agents toward solutions with specific suggestions and next steps.

1.2 Study MCP Protocol Documentation

Navigate the MCP specification:

Start with the sitemap to find relevant pages: https://modelcontextprotocol.io/sitemap.xml

Then fetch specific pages with .md suffix for markdown format (e.g., https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/draft.md).

Key pages to review:

• Specification overview and architecture
• Transport mechanisms (streamable HTTP, stdio)
• Tool, resource, and prompt definitions

1.3 Study Framework Documentation

Required stack:

• Language: TypeScript (high-quality SDK support and good compatibility in many execution environments e.g. MCPB. Plus AI models are good at generating TypeScript code, benefiting from its broad usage, static typing and good linting tools)
• Transport: Streamable HTTP for remote servers, using stateless JSON (simpler to scale and maintain, as opposed to stateful sessions and streaming responses). stdio for local servers.

Load framework documentation:

• MCP Best Practices: 📋 View Best Practices - Core guidelines

For TypeScript (Preferred):

• TypeScript SDK: Use WebFetch to load https://raw.githubusercontent.com/modelcontextprotocol/typescript-sdk/main/README.md
• ⚡ TypeScript Guide - TypeScript patterns and examples

For Python:

• Python SDK: Use WebFetch to load https://raw.githubusercontent.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/main/README.md
• 🐍 Python Guide - Python patterns and examples

1.4 Plan Your Implementation

Understand the API: Review the service's API documentation to identify key endpoints, authentication requirements, and data models. Use web search and WebFetch as needed.

Tool Selection: Prioritize comprehensive API coverage. List endpoints to implement, starting with the most common operations.

Phase 2: Implementation

2.1 Set Up Project Structure

See language-specific guides for project setup:

• ⚡ TypeScript Guide - Project structure, package.json, tsconfig.json
• 🐍 Python Guide - Module organization, dependencies

2.2 Implement Core Infrastructure

Create shared utilities:

• API client with authentication
• Error handling helpers
• Response formatting (JSON/Markdown)
• Pagination support

2.3 Implement Tools

For each tool:

Input Schema:

• Use Zod (TypeScript) or Pydantic (Python)
• Include constraints and clear descriptions
• Add examples in field descriptions

Output Schema:

• Define outputSchema where possible for structured data
• Use structuredContent in tool responses (TypeScript SDK feature)
• Helps clients understand and process tool outputs

Tool Description:

• Concise summary of functionality
• Parameter descriptions
• Return type schema

Implementation:

• Async/await for I/O operations
• Proper error handling with actionable messages
• Support pagination where applicable
• Return both text content and structured data when using modern SDKs

Annotations:

• readOnlyHint: true/false
• destructiveHint: true/false
• idempotentHint: true/false
• openWorldHint: true/false

Phase 3: Review and Test

3.1 Code Quality

Review for:

• No duplicated code (DRY principle)
• Consistent error handling
• Full type coverage
• Clear tool descriptions

3.2 Build and Test

TypeScript:

• Run npm run build to verify compilation
• Test with MCP Inspector: npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector

Python:

• Verify syntax: python -m py_compile your_server.py
• Test with MCP Inspector

See language-specific guides for detailed testing approaches and quality checklists.

Phase 4: Create Evaluations

After implementing your MCP server, create comprehensive evaluations to test its effectiveness.

Load ✅ Evaluation Guide for complete evaluation guidelines.

4.1 Understand Evaluation Purpose

Use evaluations to VERIFY that LLMs effectively use your MCP server to answer realistic, complex questions.

4.2 Create 10 Evaluation Questions

To create effective evaluations, follow the process outlined in the evaluation guide:

1. Tool Inspection: List available tools and understand their capabilities
2. Content Exploration: Use READ-ONLY operations to explore available data
3. Question Generation: Create 10 complex, realistic questions
4. Answer Verification: Solve each question yourself to verify answers

4.3 Evaluation Requirements

Ensure each question is:

• Independent: Not dependent on other questions
• Read-only: Only non-destructive operations required
• Complex: Requiring multiple tool calls and deep exploration
• Realistic: Based on real use cases humans would care about
• Verifiable: Single, clear answer VERIFIED by string comparison
• Stable: Answer won't change over time

4.4 Output Format

Create an XML file with this structure.

[!TIP] See examples/evaluation_example.xml for a complete example.

Rationalization Table

Reference Files

4. 📚 Documentation Library

Load these resources as needed during development:

Core MCP Documentation (Load First)

• MCP Protocol: Start with sitemap at https://modelcontextprotocol.io/sitemap.xml, then fetch specific pages with .md suffix
• 📋 MCP Best Practices - Universal MCP guidelines including:
  • Server and tool naming conventions
  • Response format guidelines (JSON vs Markdown)
  • Pagination best practices
  • Transport selection (streamable HTTP vs stdio)
  • Security and error handling standards

SDK Documentation (Load During Phase 1/2)

• Python SDK: Fetch from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/main/README.md
• TypeScript SDK: Fetch from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/modelcontextprotocol/typescript-sdk/main/README.md

Language-Specific Implementation Guides (Load During Phase 2)

• 🐍 Python Implementation Guide - Complete Python/FastMCP guide with:
  • Server initialization patterns
  • Pydantic model examples
  • Tool registration with @mcp.tool
  • Complete working examples
  • Quality checklist
• ⚡ TypeScript Implementation Guide - Complete TypeScript guide with:
  • Project structure
  • Zod schema patterns
  • Tool registration with server.registerTool
  • Complete working examples
  • Quality checklist

Evaluation Guide (Load During Phase 4)

• ✅ Evaluation Guide - Complete evaluation creation guide with:
  • Question creation guidelines
  • Answer verification strategies
  • XML format specifications
  • Example questions and answers
  • Running an evaluation with the provided scripts